Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)
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Alexander Nevsky is the score for the 1938 Sergei Eisenstein film Alexander Nevsky, composed by Sergei Prokofiev. He later rearranged the music in the form of a cantata for mezzo-soprano, chorus, and orchestra. It has remained one of the most renowned cantatas of the 20th century.
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[edit] Alexander Nevsky (film music)
The score was Prokofiev's third for a film, following Lieutenant Kije (1933) and Pique Dame (1936). It was composed of 21 sections, and Prokofiev was heavily involved not just with the composition, but with the recording as well. He experimented with different microphone distances in order to achieve the desired sound. Horns meant to represent the Teutonic Knights, for instance, were played close enough to the microphones to produce a crackling, distorted sound. The brass and choral groups were recorded in different studios and the separate pieces were later mixed.
Prokofiev employed different sections of the orchestra, as well as different compositional styles, to evoke the necessary imagery. For instance, the Teutonic Knights (seen as the adversary) are represented by heavy brass instruments, playing discordant notes in a martial style. The sympathetic Russian forces are represented by more folk-like arrangements, played with more consonance.
[edit] Alexander Nevsky (cantata)
The cantata for Alexander Nevsky (Op. 78) debuted in Moscow on May 17, 1939. It was performed under the direction of Prokofiev, and like the film score was well-received by the public. The U.S. premiere was conducted by Leopold Stokowski. It is performed in seven movements, lasting approximately 40 minutes. It is sung in Russian, but Prokofiev utilized Latin for the third and fifth movements.
[edit] Movements
- "Russia under the Mongol Yoke" - The opening movement begins slowly, and in C minor. It is meant to evoke an image of destruction, as brought to Russia by the invading Mongols.
- "Song about Alexander Nevsky" - This movement (B flat) represents Prince Alexander Yaroslavich's victory over the Swedish army at the Battle of the Neva in 1240. Alexander received the name 'Nevsky' (a form of Neva) in tribute.
- "The Crusaders in Pskov" - For this movement (C-sharp minor), Prokofiev composed an original theme meant to evoke the brutality of the Teutonic Knights. Despite extensive research, Prokofiev was unable to find an example of authentic Crusader music.
- "Arise, ye Russian People" - This movement (E flat) represents a call to arms for the people of Russia. It is composed with folk overtones.
- "The Battle on the Ice" - The fifth (and longest) movement is arguably the climax of the cantata. It represents the final clash between Nevsky's forces and the Teutonic Knights on the frozen surface of Lake Peipus in 1242. The serene beginning (representing dawn on the day of battle) is contrasted by the jarring middle section, which is cacophonous in style.
- "The Field of the Dead" - Composed in C minor, the sixth movement is the lament of a girl seeking her lost lover, as well as kissing the eyelids of all the dead. The vocal solo is performed by a mezzo-soprano.
- "Alexander's Entry into Pskov" - The seventh and final movement (B flat) echoes the second movement in parts, and recalls Alexander's triumphant return to Pskov.
[edit] Orchestration
The work is scored for 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, english horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, tenor saxophone, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, tambourine, maracas, wood blocks, triangle, tubular bells, tam-tam, glockenspiel, xylophone, harp, strings, and chorus.
[edit] Analysis
[edit] Premiere
17-May-1939, Moscow. Valentina Gagrina (mezzo-soprano), Sergei Prokofiev (cond), Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus.
[edit] Recordings
There are many other recordings of the cantata, including a version in English conducted by Fritz Reiner, and a live stereo version once released on the Music & Arts label, conducted by Leopold Stokowski.
