Alexander Heriot Mackonochie
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Alexander Heriot Mackonochie SSC (August 11, 1825 - December 14, 1887) was a Church of England clergyman and mission priest known as "the martyr of St Alban's" on account of his prosecution and forced resignation for ritualist practices.
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[edit] Early life
Mackonochie was born at Fareham, Hampshire, the third son of George Mackonochie (1775/6–1827), a retired colonel in the East India Company, and his wife, Isabella Alison. Through his mother he had a traditional Low Church upbringing and his family were opponents of the early Catholic Revival. Mackonochie was educated at private schools in Bath and Exeter. Early on he felt a call to the Ministry of the Church and gained the nickname "the boy-bishop" among his contemporaries. He attended lectures at Edinburgh University before matriculating at Wadham College, Oxford in 1844. He graduated B.A. in 1848 and M.A. in 1851.
Oxford was the centre of the two-decades-old Oxford Movement, the leading force in English Anglo-Catholicism. There are conflicting accounts of his theological opinions while at Oxford. Some describe Mackonochie as having "pronounced Low Church views", but he heard Pusey preach and was on personal terms with many of the other leading Anglo-Catholics of the day, especially Charles Marriott. However, we can be sure that during his time at the University he came into contact with the vanguard of the Oxford Movement, though he may not have shared its views at this early stage in his life.
[edit] Ordination and Early Parish Ministry
Mackonochie was ordained in Lent 1849 and became a curate at Westbury, Wiltshire. In 1852 he became a curate of W.J. Butler at Wantage, Berkshire. Butler was a Tractarian and at Wantage Mackonochie followed a typical Anglo-Catholic pattern of ministry. Mackonochie taught in the Church schools and had special responsibility for the nearby district of Charlton, preaching forcefully.
[edit] London Docks and Holborn
In 1858 he moved to become a curate at St George's-in-the-East, London. There he worked with Charles Fuge Lowder as a mission priest in the slum areas of London Docks. At this time St George's-in-the-East was a focus for anti-Ritualist rioting which including services being interrupted and stones being thrown at the mission's priests.
In 1862 Mackonochie became perpetual curate at St Alban the Martyr, Holborn. In a letter to the patron, J.G. Hubbard, he explained his theological opinions, which included endorsing the (for that time) radically Catholic eucharistic doctrine of G. A. Denison. Mackonochie introduced daily communion, which featured Gregorian chant and significant ritual elements (e.g. the lighting of Altar candles and the cleansing of Eucharistic vessels at the Altar). St Alban's was the first Anglican Church to hold the three hour devotion on Good Friday (in 1864) and one of the first to celebrate a Harvest Festival. Mackonochie also openly heard confessions. Mackonochie's pastoral ministry was typical of the 19th-century ritualist "slum priest". With his two curates, Arthur Stanton and Edward Russell, and lay assistants he founded schools, soup kitchens, a working men's club, mother's meetings, clothing funds and more. Throughout Mackonochie's later persecution St Alban's remained a thriving Anglo-Catholic parish. From 1867 Mackonochie was also chaplain of the sisterhood of St Saviour and the sisters and sisters of the Clewer community of St. John Baptist worked in the parish.
[edit] Persecution
St Alban's increasingly became a focus of Low Church ire, drawing the attention of Lord Shaftesbury and the ultra-Protestant and anti-ritualist Church Association. In 1867 a prosecution was brought against Mackonochie by John Martin, supported by the Church Association, under the Church Discipline Act 1840. The charges brought were elevating the host above his head, using a mixed chalice and altar lights, censing things and persons, and kneeling during the prayer of consecration. The first decision (of the Court of Arches) was against Mackonochie on two counts and in his favour on the other three with no decision as to the payment of costs. Despite Mackonochie agreeing to comply, the anti-ritualists appealed to the Privy Council and Mackonochie was found against in the remaining three charges and ordered to pay all costs. Even after the prosecution the Church Association continued to pursue Mackonochie believing that he had re-introduced the prohibited ritual. This led to further judgments against Mackonochie culminating on November 25 1870 with his suspension from office for three months. In the interim he had become a hate-figure for the Low Church; in 1869 he was banned from preaching in the diocese of Ripon and the Low Church Hugh McNeile refused to speak at the Liverpool Church Congress because Mackonochie would also be speaking.
A second lawsuit was brought in March 1874 repeating the old charges as well as adding new ones including the use of processions with a crucifix, use of the Agnus Dei, and eastward-facing consecration (n.b. the normal practice, prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer, was to stand at the north end of the Altar facing south; westward-facing consecration, as is now most common in the Church of England, was a later innovation). Mackonochie stood firm in the face of the prosecutions but on June 12 1875 was found against on most of the charges and suspended for six weeks.
In 1878 John Martin appealed to the dean of arches claiming that Mackonochie had not obeyed the 1875 judgement. Mackonochie was brought in front of the new court created by the Public Worship Regulation Act of 1874. Mackonockie was this time suspended for three years.
In 1882 a fresh round of prosecutions was under way when, on the deathbed request of Archbishop Tait, Mackonochie resigned from St Alban's to move to St Peter's, London Docks, the church founded 1866 by C.F. Lowder. Though by 1882 the mob violence that Mackonochie had faced during his time with Lowder in the 1850s and 1860s had abated, the prosecutions continued. Despite the vibrancy of St Peter's Mackonochie was extremely unhappy, he had moved from St Alban's out of a sense of duty and missed his old parish and his self-confidence was waning. By July 1883 he faced yet another suspension. In December, knowing his suspension would be disastrous for the parish and only a year after resigning from St Alban's, he handed his resignation to the Bishop. Unlike with resignation from St Alban's, his friends almost unanimously supported his resignation knowing it was required both for the good of the parish and of his health.
[edit] Later Life and Death
Mackonochie did not think of taking another parish and moved into the Clergy House of St Alban's as a freelance. This was a happy arrangement for all, and there was no clash between the old priest and the new (Fr. Suckling). For a time Mackonochie undertook a fair amount of work in the parish, but he was weakening mentally. He travelled several times to the continent and often visited the Bishop of Argyll, his friend Alexander Chinnery-Haldane, in Ballachulish, Oban, a place which he loved. Increasingly his home was his brother's house at Wantage, another place very dear to his heart, where he continued to aid with parochial work as much as possible.
His mental decline continued apace until on December 14 1887 he got lost in the Forest of Mamore while out walking near the Bishop of Argyll's home in Ballachulish. His body was found two days later guarded by the dogs he had been with. After a packed requiem mass at St Alban's a special train took mourners to Woking where his body was laid to rest in the cemetery. A cross of Scottish granite was later raised on the spot where he had died and in the 1890s a chapel was dedicated to his memory at St Alban's.
[edit] Role in the Broader Anglo-Catholic Movement
Besides his work in Holborn and London Docks, Mackonochie was also a leading member of the broader Catholic revival. He was one of the first Priest Associates of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament and served as Master of the Society of the Holy Cross (SSC) in 1863–75, 1879–81 and 1885. He was a major force in the formulation of the Society's constitution and, as Master, had an important role in directing its activities. Under Mackonochie the Society increasingly represented the vanguard of the Anglo-Catholic movement.
[edit] See also
- Society of the Holy Cross
- Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament
- Ritualism
- T. Pelham Dale
- Richard William Enraght
- Sidney Faithorn Green
- Arthur Tooth
[edit] Sources
- Alexander Mackonochie: A Memoir by E.A. Towle (ed. E.F. Russell) (1890).
- Rosemary Mitchell, ‘Mackonochie, Alexander Heriot (1825–1887)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
