Alexander Haig
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| Alexander Haig | |
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| In office January 22, 1981 – July 5, 1982 |
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| Preceded by | Edmund Muskie |
| Succeeded by | George Shultz |
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| In office 1973 – 1974 |
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| Preceded by | H.R. Haldeman |
| Succeeded by | Donald Rumsfeld |
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| Born | December 2, 1924 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Patricia Haig |
| Profession | Soldier, Civil servant |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (born December 2, 1924) is a retired four-star general in the United States Army, who served as the U.S. Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[1] In 1973 Haig served as Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, the number two ranking officer in the Army.[2] Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), the ex-officio commander of the all U.S. and NATO forces in Europe. Haig is a veteran of the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Army's second highest medal for heroism, as well as the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Purple Heart.[3]
[edit] Education
Haig attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia and graduated from Lower Merion High School in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. He then went to the University of Notre Dame for one year, before transferring to and graduating from West Point in 1947. He studied business administration at Columbia Business School in 1954 and 1955. He also received a Masters degree in International Relations from Georgetown University in 1961, where his thesis focused on the role of the military officer in the making of national policy.
[edit] Serves with MacArthur; heroism in Korea
As a young officer, Haig served on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur in Japan. In the early days of the Korean War, Haig was responsible for maintaining General MacArthur's situation map and briefing MacArthur each evening on the day's battlefield events.[4] Haig later saw combat in the Korean War (1950-51) with the X Corps, led by MacArthur's Chief of Staff, General Edward Almond.[3] Haig participated in seven Korean War campaigns, including the Battle of Inchon, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir (a.k.a "The Frozen Chosen"), and the evacuation of Hungnam.[4]
[edit] Pentagon assignments
Haig later served as a staff officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations (DCSOPS) at the Pentagon (1962-64), and then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes in 1964. Haig then was appointed Military Assistant to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. He continued in that service until the end of 1965, whereupon he took command of a Battalion of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam.
[edit] Distinguished Service Cross in Vietnam
On May 22, 1967, Lieutenant Colonel Haig was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the nation's second highest medal for heroism, by General William Westmoreland as a result of his actions during the battle of Ap Gu in March 1967.[5] During the battle, then Lt. Colonel Haig's troops (of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division (United States) became pinned down by a Viet Cong force that outnumbered U.S. forces by a three to one margin. In an attempt to survey the battlefield, Haig boarded a helicopter and flew to the point of contact. His helicopter was subsequently shot down. Two days of bloody hand-to-hand combat ensued. An excerpt from Haig's official Army citation follows:
"When two of his companies were engaged by a large hostile force, Colonel Haig landed amid a hail of fire, personally took charge of the units, called for artillery and air fire support and succeeded in soundly defeating the insurgent force...the next day a barrage of 400 rounds was fired by the Viet Cong, but it was ineffective because of the warning and preparations by Colonel Haig. As the barrage subsided, a force three times larger than his began a series of human wave assaults on the camp. Heedless of the danger himself, Colonel Haig repeatedly braved intense hostile fire to survey the battlefield. His personal courage and determination, and his skillful employment of every defense and support tactic possible, inspired his men to fight with previously unimagined power. Although his force was outnumbered three to one, Colonel Haig succeeded in inflicting 592 casualties on the Viet Cong..." (HQ US Army, Vietnam, General Orders No. 2318 (May 22, 1967)[6]
Haig was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Purple Heart during his tour in Vietnam.[5] Haig was eventually promoted to Colonel, and became a brigade commander of the 1st Infantry Division (United States) in Vietnam.
[edit] 1969–1972: Kissinger's military assistant, Army Vice Chief of Staff
Alexander Haig returned to the continental United States at the end of his one-year tour, to become Regimental Commander of the Third Regiment of the Corps of Cadets at the USMA, West Point, under the also newly-arrived Commandant, Brigadier General Bernard Rogers. (Both had served together in the 1st Infantry Division, Rogers as Assistant Division Commander and Haig as Brigade Commander.) In 1969, he was appointed as Military Assistant to the Presidential Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, a position he retained until 1970, when President Richard Nixon promoted Haig to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. In this position, Haig helped South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to negotiate the final cease-fire talks in 1972. Haig continued in this position until 1973, when he was appointed to be Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, a post he held until the last few months of President Nixon’s presidency, when he served as White House Chief of Staff.
[edit] 1973–1974: White House Chief of Staff for Nixon and Ford
Alexander Haig served as White House Chief of Staff during the height of the Watergate affair from May 1973 until September 1974, taking over the position from H.R. Haldeman, who resigned on April 30, 1973, while under pressure from Watergate prosecutors.
During this time, Haig played a large "crisis management" role as the Watergate scandal unfolded. Haig has been largely credited with keeping the government running while President Nixon was preoccupied with Watergate.[1] Haig also played an instrumental role in finally persuading Nixon to resign. In his 2001 book, "Shadow", author Bob Woodward describes Haig's role as the point man between Nixon and then Vice President Gerald Ford during the final days of Watergate. According to the book, Haig played a major behind-the-scenes role in the delicate negotiations of the transfer of power from President Nixon to President Ford.
Haig remained White House Chief of Staff during the early days of the Ford Administration, until he was replaced by Donald Rumsfeld in September 1974. By that time, Ford, in a highly controversial move, had pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as president. Author Roger Morris, a former colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council, early in Nixon's first term, wrote in his book Haig: The General's Progress, that when Ford pardoned Nixon, he in effect pardoned Haig as well. Haig had been a persistent solicitor of clemency for Nixon.[7]
[edit] 1974–1979: NATO Supreme Commander, assassination attempt
From 1974 to 1979, Haig served as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), and Commander in Chief, US European Command (CinCUSEUR), and thus was effectively the Commander of NATO Forces. An assassination attempt on Haig was unsuccessful in Mons, Belgium on June 25, 1979. During the attack, a land mine blew up under the bridge on which Haig's car was travelling, narrowly missing Haig's car but wounding three of his bodyguards in a following car.[8] The attack was later deemed to be carried out by the Red Army Faction (RAF), also known as Baader-Meinhof-group. In 1993, a German Court sentenced Rolf Clemens Wagner, a former Red Army Faction Terrorist, to a life sentence for the assassination attempt on Haig.[8]
[edit] Retires from Army, enters private sector
Alexander Haig, as a four-star general, retired from the Army in 1979, and moved on to civilian employment. In 1979, he became President, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and Director of United Technologies, Inc., a job he retained until 1981.
[edit] 1981-82: Secretary of State for President Reagan
In January 1981, Haig was tapped by President Ronald Reagan to be Secretary of State, and he began confirmation hearings before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Much of the hearing focused on Haig's role during Watergate. Haig was confirmed by a Senate vote of 93-6.[9]
[edit] "I'm in control here"
In 1981, after the March 30 assassination attempt on Reagan, Haig asserted before reporters "I'm in control here" as a result of Reagan's hospitalization.
| “ | Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course. | ” |
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——Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig, autobiographical profile in TIME Magazine, April 2, 1984[10] |
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Rather than being seen as an attempt to allay the nation's fear, the quotation became seen as an attempt by Haig to exceed his authority.[citation needed]
Haig was incorrect in his interpretation of the U.S. Constitution concerning both the presidential line of succession and the 25th Amendment, which dictates what happens when a president is incapacitated. The holders of the two offices between the Vice President and the Secretary of State, the Speaker of the House (at the time, Tip O'Neill) and the President pro tempore of the Senate (at the time, J. Strom Thurmond), would be required under U.S. law (3 U.S.C. 19) to resign their positions in order for either of them to become acting President. This was an unlikely event considering that Vice-President Bush was merely not immediately available. Haig's statement therefore reflected political reality, if not necessarily legal reality. Haig later said,
| “ | I wasn’t talking about transition. I was talking about the executive branch, who is running the government. That was the question asked. It was not, 'Who is in line should the President die?' | ” |
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—— Alexander Haig, Alexander Haig interview with 60 Minutes II April 23, 2001 |
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[edit] 1982 Falklands War
The Falklands War (March-June 1982) occurred during Haig's tenure as Secretary of State, and saw Haig attempt to conduct shuttle diplomacy in April 1982, following the Argentine invasion and prior to the arrival of the British fleet in the war zone. Haig met with both the British government in London and the Argentine government in Buenos Aires, but talks broke down and Haig returned to Washington on April 19.
[edit] 1982 Israeli – Lebanon Conflict
Haig critics have accused him of "greenlighting" the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in June of 1982. Haig denies this and said he urged restraint at the time.[11]
Haig resigned abruptly in July 1982. His desire to be the so-called "vicar" of American foreign policy, in emulation of his mentor Henry Kissinger, did not mesh well with Ronald Reagan, who had his own ideas about foreign policy. It was also said that Reagan's wife, First Lady Nancy Reagan did not like him.[citation needed] A military hawk, Haig caused some alarm with his suggestion that a "nuclear warning shot" in Europe might be effective in deterring the Soviet Union. His tenure as Secretary of State was often characterized by his clashes with the more moderate Defense Secretary, Caspar Weinberger.
[edit] 1988 Republican presidential nomination
Haig unsuccessfully ran for the Republican Party nomination for President in 1988. He was a fierce critic of the more moderate George H.W. Bush, and speculation was that he sought the Presidency in part because of that. When he withdrew from the race, he gave his support to the presidential campaign of Senator Robert Dole of Kansas.
[edit] Military decorations
- Distinguished Service Cross
- Distinguished Flying Cross with Oak Leaf Cluster
- Defense Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
- Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster
- Bronze Star with "V"
- Combat Infantryman Badge
- Purple Heart
[edit] Current activities
Haig was the host for several years of the television program World Business Review. He now hosts 21st Century Business, with each program a weekly business education forum that includes business solutions, expert interview, commentary and field reports.[citation needed]
Haig is co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus, along with Zbigniew Brzezinski and Stephen J. Solarz.
Haig is a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors.
Haig was a founding Board Member of America Online.[citation needed]
On January 5, 2006, Haig participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.[citation needed]
On May 12, 2006, Haig participated in a second White House meeting with 10 former Secretaries of State and Defense. The meeting including briefings by Donald Rumsfeld and Condoleezza Rice, and was followed by a discussion with President George W. Bush.[12]
Haig published his memoirs, entitled Inner Circles: How America Changed The World, in 1992.
Alexander Haig is the father of author Brian Haig.[citation needed]
He is a Knight of Malta.[citation needed]
[edit] Trivia
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Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones. |
- Richard Dreyfuss played Haig in the movie The Day Reagan was Shot. He was also portrayed in the CBS/Showtime miniseries The Reagans. "M* A* S* H" actor David Ogden Stiers played Haig in a television movie version of The Final Days, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's account of the last days of the Nixon presidency. Powers Boothe played Haig in Oliver Stone's 1995 film Nixon.
- In 1980, Spiro Agnew published a memoir in which he implied that, in 1973, Richard Nixon and Haig had planned to assassinate him if Agnew refused to resign the Vice-Presidency, and that Haig told him "to go quietly … or else."[13]
- Haig's brother, Frank, is a Jesuit priest. He served as seventh president of Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, and is now teaching physics at Loyola College in Maryland. Haig's older sister; Regina Haig Meredith is a practicing Attorney licensed in Pennsylvania, and New Jersey co-founding Partner of the firm Meredith, Meredith, Chase and Taggart, located in Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey
- Defending himself against accusations of lying in 1983, he is quoted as saying, "That's not a lie, it's a terminological inexactitude."[14]
- The punk band Dead Kennedys reference Alexander Haig in the song "We've Got A Bigger Problem Now".
[edit] Further reading
- Dress Grey, by Lucian K. Truscott IV, 1978, ISBN 0385134754. Truscott, scion of a longtime military family (his grandfather Lucian Truscott Jr. was an important WWII general), was a cadet at West Point during Haig's late 1960s stint there; this book is a novel, in which a thinly-disguised Haig is portrayed as a central character in a murder and cover-up mystery at West Point. Truscott had earlier (1974) spoken out in The Village Voice, about problems at West Point.
- Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, ISBN 0872237532. Morris, a respected author, was a colleague of Haig's on the National Security Council, early in President Richard Nixon's first term. Morris presents important material on Haig's early life and Army career, as well as deeper and darker material than the party line, on the often seamy dealings of the Nixon White House, including Watergate.
- The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, by Seymour Hersh, Summit Books, New York, 1983, ISBN 0671506889. The book focuses on U.S. foreign policy, directed mainly from the White House by Nixon and Henry Kissinger, during Nixon's first term; since Haig eventually became Kissinger's deputy during that era, there is also plenty of material on Haig here, often at variance with the official, sanitized versions.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Alexander Haig, MSN Encarta.
- ^ ALEXANDER M. HAIG, Assistant to the President: Files, 1973-74 From 1974-79.
- ^ a b Premier Speakers Bureau.
- ^ a b LESSONS OF THE FORGOTTEN WAR.
- ^ a b West Point Citation.
- ^ Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross, U.S. Army Recipients - Vietnam.
- ^ Haig: The General's Progress, by Roger Morris (American writer), Playboy Press, 1982, p. 320-325.
- ^ a b German Guilty in '79 Attack At NATO on Alexander Haig. The New York Times (November 25, 1993).
- ^ AP: Rice Confirmed Despite Dems' Criticisms.
- ^ Alexander Haig, Time Magazine, April 2, 1984, p. 22 of 24 page article, <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954230,00.html>. Retrieved on 21 May 2008
- ^ Time Magazine: Alexander Haig.
- ^ Bush discusses Iraq with former officials.
- ^ Agnew, Spiro T:: "Go quietly ... or else". Morrow, 1980. ISBN 0-688-03668-6.
- ^ Rutledge, Leigh W.:: "Would I Lie To You?". Plume, 1998. ISBN 0-425-27931-3. Page 81.
[edit] External links
- The Day Reagan was Shot article on Haig
- The Falklands: Failure of a Mission critique of Haig's mediation efforts
- Portrait of Haig by Margaret Holland Sargent
| Preceded by H. R. Haldeman |
White House Chief of Staff 1973–1974 |
Succeeded by Donald Rumsfeld |
| Preceded by Gen. Andrew Goodpaster |
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO) 1974—1979 |
Succeeded by Gen. Bernard W. Rogers |
| Preceded by Edmund S. Muskie |
United States Secretary of State Served Under: Ronald Reagan 1981–1982 |
Succeeded by George P. Shultz |
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