Alexander Duncan McRae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alexander Duncan McRae, C.B., (born November 17, 1874 in Glencoe, Ontario, died June 26, 1946, Ottawa, Ontario) was a successful businessman, a Major General in the Canadian Army in First World War, a Member of Parliament, a Canadian Senator and a farmer.
| General A.D. McRae | |
 Senator Major General A.D. McRae, Photographer: Arthur Roy, Library and Archives Canada |
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Member of Parliament
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| In office 1926 – 1930 |
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| Preceded by | Dugald Donaghy |
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| Succeeded by | Albert Edward Munn |
| Constituency | Vancouver North |
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Senator
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| In office 1931 – 1946 |
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| Constituency | Vancouver |
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| Born | November 17, 1874 Glencoe, Ontario |
| Died | June 26, 1946 Ottawa, Ontario |
| Political party | Conservative Party of Canada |
| Spouse | Blaunche Lattimer McRae (Howe), Louise Rhodes |
| Children | Blanche (1903-1945), Lucile (1905-1955), Margaret "Peggy" (1906-1972) |
| Residence | Vancouver and later Qualicum Beach, British Columbia |
| Occupation | Businessman |
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[edit] Origins
Alexander Duncan McRae was born and raised on a farm in Ekfrid Township, Middlesex County, Ontario. His father was Duncan Alexander McRae and his mother was Mary (Mahwhinney) McRae. His cousin and longtime business partner, Andrew Davidson (b. May 18, 1853) came from the same area. The two of them each went on to study at a Business school in Chatham, Ontario.
[edit] Early career
In search of opportunities, at age 18 he went to work for his cousins, the brothers Alexander and Andrew Davidson of Duluth, Minnesota. The Davidsons had started in Little Falls, Minnesota, working for a railway company and moved into banking. Andrew had become mayor and they were involved in the business of buying, marketing and financing railway land to homesteaders. Minnesota made Andrew an Honorary Colonel. Their Banking business spread through the region. In 1892, at 18 Alexander McRae joined them in Duluth and learned under Andrew.
McRae's first business venture on his own account started when his father put up $1,500 and McRae became a partner with the Davidsons in a company that insured grain elevators. The Davidson-McRae company sold fire and liability insurance and surety bonds. By the 1890s they had invested in various businesses and McRae became vice president of First National Bank of Hibbing. By age 25, he had $50,000 of his own earnings accumulated. He invested in other businesses such as a granite quarry.
He married Blaunche Latimer Howe, of Pennsylvania who was the daughter of wealthy a forest industry father. They married in Minneapolis on February 23, 1900. They would eventually have three daughters, Blanche, Lucile, and Margaret ("Peggy").
As McRae and the Davidsons saw Minnesota land go up in price and farmers moving west for more land, they realized the Canadian prairies were an opportunity. They formed the Saskatchewan Valley Land Company headquartered in Winnipeg.
In 1899 land in what later became Saskatchewan was $1 per acre. By 1902 they had 5 million acres (20,000 km²) worth $20 per acre.
[edit] Land Speculation in Saskatchewan
Land in Saskatchewan between Regina and Saskatoon had been surveyed in 1882. Railway companies were entitled to a grant of land to compensate them for railway construction. The railway companies rejected much of the land between Regina and Saskatoon and court proceedings were begun. They rejected the land as unfit for settlement. McRae and the Davidsons thought otherwise. They bought land reserved for the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway first. Their first purchases amounted to close to a million acres (4,000 km²) for $1.53 an acre. They bought a further 100,000 acres (400 km²) from the Saskatchewan Western Railway. They then went to Canadian Government and negotiated the purchase of a further 250,000 acres (1,010 km²) of land to fill in the gaps at $1 per acre. They agreed to terms that required them to actively seek settlers for the land. By the time they were done these and other purchases, their syndicate and the various companies it consisted of owned about 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of land.
In the summer of 1902, Davidson and McRae organized two promotional train tours from Minneapolis through to Prince Albert. Each of these journeys saw eight Pullman cars plus dining and baggage cars traveling through hundreds of miles of unbroken and uninhabited prairie lands. The passengers were wealthy investors from the United States. The promotion was a success. Large tracts were purchased and word spread in the business communities leading to further investment. The company developed a network of land agents to sell land to settlers which advertised and maintained sales offices in many locations. In 1901 the population of the North West Territories (which then included Alberta, Saskatchewan and most of Manitoba) was 158,940. In five years it had grown to 443,175. In the course of that expansion, McRae became a very wealthy man.
The purchases of railway reserves required approval of the government. Those approvals and the purchases from the government were negotiated secretly with the Minister of the Interior, Clifford Sifton. A raging controversy arose in the House of Commons but the opposition was unable to make much of it even though McRae and his colleagues made a staggering profit in the transactions because the land had stood empty for years (even the railway companies didn't want it), the government had insisted on terms that required the settlement of these vacant lands and overall the effort succeeded in rapidly filling vast areas of vacant land with settlers at a time when there was concern about American expansion into the territory.[1]
[edit] Business career in British Columbia
When McRae arrived to live in Vancouver in 1907, he came intending to involve himself in business ventures as an active investor. Even before arriving to live on the west coast, he had invested in Canadian North Pacific Fisheries. In its first year, it made a half million dollars. In its second year the business failed. He moved on to invest in Wallace Fisheries and became its president.
He knew from his business ventures in the prairies that there was a shortage of lumber there for building. Working with his partner, Davidson, and Senator Peter Jansen of Nebraska, the Swift Brothers (meat packing), William Mackenzie and Donald Mann, he took over a sawmill and a company town 3 miles (5 km) upstream from New Westminster at a place called Millside, at Fraser Mills and now part of Coquitlam. Once he persuaded the government to dredge the Fraser River to permit reliable passage of ocean going freighters to the mill, he reorganized it as Fraser River Mills (after 1910 known as the Canadian Western Lumber Company) with several large investors and a capitalization of $20 million. The plant and its yards covered 80 acres and took 1,030 men to run. With an investment of $500,000 in new equipment and the acquisition or formation of related companies such as The Canadian Tugboat Company and the Comox Logging and Railway to transport timber from the 75,000 acres (300 km²) of timber the company controlled between Comox and Campbell River on Vancouver Island, the company became the largest lumber and wood manufacturing company in the world. The normal capacity of the mill was 750 thousand feet of lumber a day. In 1912 the mill produced 175 million board feet (413,000 m³) of lumber, enough to fill 42 rail cars a day. The mill ran around the clock. In the years after McRae's involvement, it eventually, in 1954, was acquired by Crown Zellerbach, and, with further acquisitions, it became Fletcher Challenge Canada Limited in 1987. By 1911 he had purchased canneries on Princess Royal Island and at Rivers Inlet and Smith's Inlet. He introduced mechanized canning to the fish packing industry. [2]
By 1914, when World War I began, McRae was also president of Anacortes Lumber and Box Company, vice-president of Columbia River Lumber Company Ltd of Golden BC which became a subsidiary of Canadian Western and vice-president of Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir) Ltd. of Victoria BC and president of Wallace Fisheries.[3]
[edit] Military service
In 1912, as a recruit of Major General Sir Sam Hughes, McRae volunteered with the Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles as an honorary lieutenant colonel. When World War I broke out, McRae went to Europe where his first responsibility was the purchase of horses for the army. He reorganized the Remount Commission and was responsible for the purchase of 8,000 horses. He took over a department known for corruption and dysfunction and has been credited for turning it into a business like organization. Rumours led nevertheless to charges about the conduct of these acquisitions resulting in a royal commission under Quebec Chief Justice Sir Charles Peers Davidson. The commission cleared McRae of wrongdoing and commended him for his performance.
He carried on as director of supplies and services and when Hughes fell into disfavour in 1916, McRae continued to advance. He was promoted the rank of Major General and in 1917, was made a member of the Order of the Bath. Later in the war effort, he was seconded to the British Government to organize Ministry of Information assisting Britain's Minister of Information, Lord Beaverbrook. For his services, it has been said that the British crown offered McRae knighthood, which he declined, although McRae himself never confirmed or denied that this happened.
He left the army in 1918 two months after the end of the war. Afterwards he had little involvement in the military although, in 1934, addressing the Senate, he predicted correctly that another war would erupt in Europe after touring Europe and interviewing various prominent men in France, Germany and Austria. In World War II his involvement was limited to helping raise financial support for the Canadian Legion and the YMCA. In his later careers, he was sometimes an advocate for returned veterans and in 1942 he donated his mansion in Vancouver's Shaughnessy, Hycroft, to the federal government for use as a hospital for wounded veterans.
[edit] Hycroft
After McRae settled in Vancouver in 1907 he proceeded to build a mansion for his family, to become known as Hycroft, in Shaughnessy, an exclusive suburb of Vancouver. The home was built on the brow of a hill on 5 and a half acres of land. The land upon which the 30 room, 3 story mansion was built cost $10,000 and the construction, completed in 1911 cost $100,000. The house was designed by Vancouver Architect Thomas Hooper. After the death of his wife Blanche in 1942, McRae donated the property and the building to the government of Canada to be used as a hospital for wounded veterans. Once converted, it housed 130 beds. In recent years, Hycroft has become the home of the University Women's Club.[4]
[edit] Political career
[edit] British Columbia Provincial Party
In 1923 McRae organized a group of British Columbia Conservative Party dissidents he called the Committee of 100 which became the Provincial Party of British Columbia. The party sought freight rate equalization, cooperation with the federal government in the development of a northern railway, the elimination of Oriental labour, abolition of patronage, hiring of veterans and the elimination of income tax which had been introduced as a temporary measure during the war.
The party nominated candidates in only one provincial election: the 1924 election. In that election, McRae claimed the Conservative government of John Oliver and the previous administration of Liberal Premier William John Bowser, then the opposition leader, were corrupt. Many of his allegations were related to the funding of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway plan to reach Prince George in the Northern interior of the province which was not achieved until many years later. He claimed that there were kickbacks, patronage and various wrongdoings. His allegations were never proven. He offered to pay for an independent audit of the books of the railway. His offer was declined.
Although the party achieved 24% of the popular vote in the 1924 election and took 3 seats, McRae was not elected. Both Bowser and Oliver lost their seats but Oliver continued to lead his conservative party as Premier of a minority government after the election.
McRae reconciled with his former Conservative allies after the election and went on to federal politics. The Provincial Party disappeared.
[edit] Federal politics
McRae ran federally for the Conservatives winning a seat in Parliament the 1926 election representing the Vancouver North district. He organized the first modern leadership convention of the Conservative party in 1927. At the same time, he organized the bid of R.B. Bennett for the leadership. He went on to run Bennett's campaign in the 1930 election leading to his election as the 11th Prime Minister of Canada however McRae was defeated in his own constituency in that election. After a few months, Bennett appointed McRae to the Senate where he served until his death, at age 71 in 1946. He was active with his duties in the Senate until immediately before his last, brief, illness. He was interred at Ocean View Memorial Park in Burnaby, British Columbia.
[edit] Post-war business career
During his Senate years, he became involved in various business ventures. He was involved in Texas-Canada Oil Company and Pioneer Gold Mine in BC. He was involved in mining in Alaska including the Yukon Charlie mine.
[edit] Eaglecrest
In the early 1930s McRae purchased 260 acres (1.1 km²) of ocean front bluff land in Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island. In 1934 he built a country home, constructed of logs, 200 feet (60 m) long and 50 feet (15 m) wide. The property and its development were significant relief for the local population in the depressed economy of the 1930s. The home, which Princess (later Queen) Elizabeth and her husband stayed at for a private visit in 1951 during their honeymoon during subsequent ownership, burned to the ground in 1969. McRae also took up farming with the purchase of 2,000 acres (8 km²) of land near Qualicum Beach. He employed about a hundred men in its operation for the 13 or 14 years that he owned it. He bred sheep and cattle. [5]
[edit] Sources
- Betty O'Keefe and Ian Macdonald (2001). Merchant Prince. Heritage House: Surrey, BC. ISBN 1-894384-30-X.
- Martin-McGuire, Peggy. First Nation Land Surrenders on the Prairies 1896-1911. Ch 2, Land and Colonization Companies, Indian Claims Commission. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
[edit] References
- ^ Berton, Pierre (1984). The Promised Land: Setting the West 1896-1914. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-1248-8.
- ^ Ormsby, Margaret A. (1958). British Columbia: A History. MacMillan: Vancouver.
- ^ Canadian Western Lumber Company Archives at the University of British Columbia.. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
- ^ University Women's Club - Hycroft. Retrieved on 2007-09-09.
- ^ Wylie, Brad (2003). Qualicum Beach, A History. Wylie: Qualicum Beach, BC. ISBN 0-9696050-1-3.
[edit] External links
- Federal Political Experience, Parliament of Canada
- Archives Canada records of Saskatchewan Valley and Manitoba Land Company
- St Georges School, Hycroft/McRae
- Hycroft
| Preceded by Dugald Donaghy |
Member of Parliament for Vancouver North 1926-1930 |
Succeeded by Albert Edward Munn |
| Preceded by Not defined |
Senators from British Columbia 1931–1946 |
Succeeded by Stanley McKeen |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | McRae, Alexander Duncan |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Industrialist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 17, 1874 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Glencoe, Ontario |
| DATE OF DEATH | June 26, 1946 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
