Alessandro Magnasco

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Alessandro Magnasco also known as il Lissandrino (February 4, 1667–1749), was an Italian Rococo painter from Northern Italy. He is best known for stylized, fantastic, often phantasmagoric genre or landscape scenes.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Mature style 3 Origins of his style 4 Legacy of his style 5 Partial anthology of works 6 Notes 7 References

[edit] Biography

Born in Genoa to a minor artist, Stefano Magnasco, he apprenticed with Valerio Castello, and finally with Filippo Abbiati (1640-1715) in Milan. Except for 1703-9 (or 1709-11)^[1] when working in Florence for the Grand Duke Cosimo III, Magnasco labored in Milan until 1735, when he returned to his native Genoa. Rudolf Wittkower derides him as "solitary, tense, strange, mystic, ecstatic, grotesque, and out of touch with the triumphal course of the Venetian school" from 1710 onward.^[2] Nevertheless, Magnasco found contemporary patronage for his work among prominent families and collectors of his time, including the Arese and Casnedi families of Milan.^[3]

[edit] Mature style

After 1710, Magnasco excelled in producing small, hypochromatic canvases with eerie and gloomy landscapes and ruins, or crowded interiors peopled with small, often lambent and cartoonishly elongated characters. The people in Magnasco paintings were often nearly liquefacted beggars dressed in tatters, rendered in flickering, nervous brushstrokes. Some of the paintings were completed with the help of Clemente Spera and Antonio Francesco Peruzzini (see ill. (q.)). Often they deal with unusual subjects such as synagogue services, Quaker meetings, robbers' gatherings, catastrophes, and interrogations by the Inquisition. His sentiments regarding these subjects are generally unclear.

Lanzi describes him as the Cerquozzi of his school; thereby placing him in the circle of the Bamboccianti. He indicates that Magnasco had figures scarcely more than a span large painted with humour and delight, but not if this was the intention of the painter. He indicates these eccentric pieces were a great favorite with the Grand Duke Giovanni Gastone Medici. Magnasco often collaborated with placing figures in the landscapes of Tavella and the ruins of Clemente Spera in Milan. Magnasco was more esteemed by outsiders than by his own Genoese. "His bold touch, though joined to a noble conception and to correct drawing, did not attract in Genoa, because it is far removed from the finish and union of tints which these masters followed."^[4]

[edit] Origins of his style

The influences on his work are obscure. Some suspect the influence of the loose painterly style of his Venetian contemporary Sebastiano Ricci (1659-1734), the Genoese Domenico Piola (1627-1703) and Gregorio de Ferrari, although the most prominent of the three, Ricci, painted in a more monumental and mythic style, and these artists may in fact have been influenced by Magnasco. Magnasco was likely influenced by Milanese il Morazzone (1573-1626) in the emotional quality of his work. Some of his canvases (see ill. (q.)) recall Salvatore Rosa's romantic sea-lashed landscapes, and his affinity for paintings of brigands. The diminutive scale of Magnasco's figures relative to the landscape is comparable to Claude Lorraine's more airy depictions. While his use of figures of ragged beggars has been compared with Giuseppe Maria Crespi's genre style, Crespi's figures are larger, more distinct, and individual, and it is possible that Crespi himself may have influenced Magnasco. Others point to the influences of late Baroque Italian genre painters, the Roman Bamboccianti, and in his exotic scenography, the well-disseminated engravings of the Frenchman Callot.

[edit] Legacy of his style

Magnasco's style is strikingly original and transcends the provincial but tired Baroque that epitomized much of contemporary Genoese art. In late-baroque and Rococo painting, the loose brush became a tool used for all types of themes, from landscapes to historical painting to decorative frolics, while for Magnasco, it entraps reality in a gloomy cobweb. Ultimately, his work may have influenced Marco Ricci, Giuseppe Bazzani, Francesco Maffei, and the famed painters de tocco (by touch) Gianantonio and Francesco Guardi in Venice.

His depictions of torture in The Inquisition (or perhaps named Interrogations in a Jail) and of other lowpoints of humanity seem to impart a modern perspicacity to his social vision, recalling that expressed by Spanish Goya in his 19th century etchings. And yet, as Wittkower notes, it remains unsolved "how much quietism or criticism or farce went into the making of his pictures".^[5] It is unknown what his true sentiments about Jews and Quakers were. Were his paintings derogatory of those congregations, or do they express some intellectual fascination with what were considered exotic elements in the Italian mainstream? No clear documentary evidence exists. Magnasco, as an outsider, would have been excluded from a synagogue or Quaker service, and the non-individualized cartoons which populate those canvases can hardly be expected to garner personal sympathy. Elsewhere Magnasco painted miracles, including one canvas in which the Virgin Mary summons skeletons out of graves to fend off church-robbers. What insight one can garner about Jews or Quakers from Magnasco's paintings, like Macbeth's dialogue in the fog-ridden fen with the cauldron-stirring witches, is not clearly intelligible or in focus, being part-prescient and part ghoulishly confused.

[edit] Partial anthology of works

Painting	Dates	Site	Link
Gathering of Quakers	1695	Uffizi, Florence
Theodosius Repulsed from Church by St. Ambrose	1700-10	Art Institute of Chicago
Christ and Samaritan Woman	1705-10	Getty Museum, Los Angeles	[1]
Noli Me Tangere	1705-10	ibid	[2]
The Hunting Scene	1710	Wadsworth Atheneum
Muletrain and Castle	1710	Louvre	[3]
Bacchanalian Scene	1710s	Hermitage Museum	[4]
Halt of the Brigands	1710s	ibid	[5]
The Inquisition or Interrogations in a Jail	1710-20	Kunsthistorisches Museum	[6]
The Temptation of Saint Anthony	1710-20	Louvre	[7]
Landscape with Shepherds	c. 1710-30	São Paulo Art Museum, São Paulo	[8]
Pulcinella singing with Family and Lute Player	1710-35	Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia	[9]
Three Camaldolite Monks at Prayer	1713-14	Rijksmuseum	[10]
Three Capuchin Friars Meditating in their Hermitage	1713-14	ibid	[11]
Christ Adored by Two Nuns	c. 1715	Accademia	[12]
The Sack of a City	1719-25	Sibiu, Müzeul Brukenthal , Abbey of Seitenstetten
Satire of Nobleman in Misery	1719-25	Detroit Institute of Arts	[13]
Bacchanale	1720-30	Rochester, New York	[14]
Triumph of Venus	1720-30	ibid	[15]
Interior with Monks	1725	Norton Simon Museum	[16]
Supper of Pulcinella & Colombina	1725-30	North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh	[17]
The Synagogue	1725-30	Cleveland Museum of Art
Burial of a Franciscan Friar	c. 1730	El Paso Museum of Art, El Paso	[18]
Sacrilegious Robbery	1731	intended for church of Siziano, now in Quadreria Arcivescovile, Milan	[19]
Exorcism of the Waves	after 1735	Rochester, New York	[20]
The Observant Friars in the Refectory	1736-37	Museo Civico, Bassano del Grappa	[21]
Figures Before a Stormy Sea	ca. 1740	Honolulu Academy of Arts
The Entrance to a Hospital		Müzeul des Arta, Bucharest
Landscape with Camaldolese friars		Museo Giannetino Luxora, Genoa	[22]
The Marriage Banquet		Louvre
Praying Monks		Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent	[23]
Reception in a Garden		Palazzo Bianco, Genoa
Seashore		Hermitage Museum	[24]
Supper at Emmaus		Convent S. Francesco in Albaro, Genoa
The Tame Magpie		Metropolitan Museum	[25]
Two Hermits in Forest		Louvre	[26]
Untitled			[27]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Spike, John T. (1986). in Centro Di, Kimball Museum of Art, Fort Worth, Texas, USA: Giuseppe Maria Crespi and the Emergence of Genre Painting in Italy, 87. 
• Wittkower, Rudolf (1993). Art and Architecture Italy, 1600-1750. Penguin Books, Pelican History of Art, p. 478.