Aleksei Dikiy
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| Aleksei Dikiy | |
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| Born | Aleksei Denisovich Dikij February 24, 1889  Ekaterinoslav, Russia |
| Died | October 1, 1955 (aged 66) Moscow, Russia |
| Years active | 1909 - 1955 |
Aleksei Dikiy (Russian: Алексей Денисович Дикий, February 24, 1889 - October 1, 1955 was a notable Soviet actor and director who worked at Moscow Art Theatre and later worked with Habima Jewish theatre in Tel-Aviv. He was arrested and imprisoned in Gulag under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin but later played the role as Joseph Stalin in several films.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Ukraine
He was born Aleksei Denisovich Dikiy on February 24, 1889, in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire, now Dnepropetrivsk, Ukraine. At young age he moved to Kharkov, where his sister, named Maria Sukhodolska - Dikova, was a popular actress, and she helped him to become an actor. Young Dikiy made his acting debut at the early age of 6, on stage of the Kharkov Drama under the directorship of Oleksi Sukhodolskiy.
[edit] Moscow
In 1909 he moved to Moscow with the assistance of I. Uralov, actor of Moscow Art Theatre. There Dikij studied acting under S. Khalyutina and K. Mardzhanov. Then Dikiy studied under Konstantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, and was hired as an actor at the Moscow Art Theater in 1910. He admired the stage works of Michael Chekhov and was his partner on stage. In 1922 Dikiy followed Michael Chekhov in the formation of the second Moscow Art Theater, MKhAT-2. There his artistic rivalry with Michael Chekhov turned into a bitter dispute, and Dikiy left Moscow Art Theatre in 1928. At that time he also worked as director with the Jewish Chamber Theatre in Moscow.
[edit] Israel
In 1928 Aleksei Dikiy received invitation to work in Tel-Aviv. There he worked as director with "Habima", the legendary Jewish theatre troupe, which emigrated from Russia. Dikiy directed two successful plays for "Habima" in Tel-Aviv. On December 29, 1928, he premiered 'Der Oytser' (The Treasure), a play by Sholom Aleichem, which became a great artistic and financial success. On May 23, 1929, he premiered 'The Crown', a play by David Calderon. With the success of Dikij's directorship "Habima" became established as a national Jewish theatre, and Dikiy gained international reputation as an innovative director.
[edit] Repressions
In 1931, back in Moscow, Dikiy started his own theater-studio in Moscow and also taught an acting class. In 1934 Dikiy collaborated with Dmitri Shostakovich on production of the legendary opera Katerina Izmailova (aka.. Lady Makbeth of Mtsensk District). Dikiy's production of 'Katerina Izmailova' had over 100 performances in Leningrad and Moscow, and was considered as a highlight in his directing career. However, in 1936, Joseph Stalin saw the opera and severely criticized the work of both Dmitri Shostakovich and Dikiy. After Stalin's negative criticism both Dmitri Shostakovich and Dikiy suffered from serious troubles in their lives and careers.
[edit] Leningrad
In 1936, Dikiy was ordered out of Moscow, then he was appointed the director of the Bolshoi Drama Theater (BDT) in Leningrad. There he began his life-long collaboration and friendship with actor Boris Babochkin. At that time many Russian intellectuals were terrorized by purges and repressions, known as the "Great Terror" under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin. In 1937 Aleksei Dikiy was arrested on false accusations of anti-Soviet activity. In reality he was a victim of behind-the-scenes manipulations against him by other jealous actors. Dikiy was sentenced and exiled to Gulag prison-camp in Siberia, where he spent 4 years until his release in 1941.
[edit] Comeback
Dikiy was not allowed to return to work neither in Leningrad nor in Moscow, instead he lived and worked in the Siberian city of Omsk for several years during the Second World War. In 1944 Dikiy was cast in the title role as Prince Kutuzov in a Soviet propaganda film Kutuzov (1944), which was also known outside of Russia as 1812. For that role Dikiy was awarded the Stalin Prize and was allowed to work in Moscow as a theater director. His most important works as director were "Blokha" by Nikolai Leskov and "Teni" (aka.. Shadows) by Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, starring Boris Babochkin.
[edit] Stalin
Ironically, after serving time in the Stalin's Gulag prison-camp, Aleksei Dikiy was cast to portray Joseph Stalin in several propaganda films. Stalin himself approved Dikiy for the role. Stalin became interested in the brilliant actor, after he saw the film Kutuzov (1944). Then Stalin saw Dikiy's performance in the role as Stalin, and sent his security officers to get Dikiy delivered to Kremlin for a brief meeting. Stalin had a drink and told Dikiy that his imprisonment was a must, and that everyone in the country must undergo such experience in exile and prison-camps. Later Dikiy told his students that he played the role of Joseph Stalin as a dangerous, scary, power-hungry dictator. Stalin liked the image of himself made by Dikiy in films.
[edit] Recognition
Stalin himself was moved by Dikiy's talent and awarded the actor with the Stalin Prize 5 times, in 1946, 1947, 1949 twice, and 1950. "I am playing not a human, but a granite monument" said Dikiy, alluding to Stalin [1]. Dikiy was designated People's Artist of the USSR (1949). He was nominated for 'Best Actor' and received a special mention at the 1947 Venice Film Festival for the title role in Admiral Nakhimov.
[edit] More Repressions
In 1952 Dikiy directed his last stage production titled "Teni" (aka.. Shadows), a play by Saltykov-Shchedrin. Under Dikiy's direction his friend and partner, Boris Babochkin, played one of his best roles ever - Klaverov, a corrupt career politician, alluding to a typical Soviet bureaucrat. For that work Boris Babochkin was viciously attacked in the official Soviet newspaper Pravda by none other than Ekaterina Furtseva, who was then a Mayor of Moscow and later was made Soviet Minister of Culture. Furtseva became enraged with Dikiy's and Babochkin's satirical portrayal of the Soviet bureaucracy with allusions to the Soviet leadership. She banned the play, and censored both Babochkin and Dikiy from public performances and kept them virtually unemployed for three years until Babochkin was finally forced to repent to the Communist Party.
[edit] Death
Dikiy suffered from many traumatic experiences in his life. The last blow was being a powerless witness of censorship and public humiliation of his friend, Boris Babochkin. Official attacks by the Soviet Communist Party caused Dikiy a severe emotional trauma, which led to alcoholism, depression and other health problems.
Aleksei Dikiy died of a heart failure on October 1, 1955, in Moscow, and was laid to rest in Novodevichy Monastery Cemtery in Moscow, Russia.
[edit] References
- Aleksey Dikiy article on peoples.ru encyclopedia (Russian)
