Aleksandr Zinovyev

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Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zinovyev (Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Зино́вьев;[1] October 29, 1922 – May 10, 2006) was a well-known Russian logician, sociologist and writer.

Son of a poor Russian peasant, Zinoviev distinguished himself as a pilot in the Second World War, and later as a scientist, having earned a professor’s degree and international recognition in the field of logic. After that, in the 1970s he voluntarily sacrificed his social standing by voicing a critical attitude towards the political system of the Soviet Union, eventually facing exile in 1978 for publishing his novels The Yawning Heights and The Radiant Future. He continued to develop his ideas about society and projected them in his writings, at times employing his original genre of the sociological novel.

While there is no general agreement on Aleksandr Zinoviev’s political views and their shift over time, he always asserted the need for a logically consistent theory for studying the society, devoid of ideology and meaningless clichés. He suggested his logical sociology to be a foundation for such a theory.

Aleksandr Zinovyev in 1938
Aleksandr Zinovyev in 1938

Contents

[edit] Youth

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zinovyev was born in the village of Pakhtino, Chukhlomsky District, Kostroma Oblast as a sixth child to Aleksandr Yakovlevich Zinovyev and Appolinariya Vasilyevna Zinovyeva. A few years after Aleksandr's birth they moved to Moscow, seeking a better quality of life.

Zinovyev excelled at school, and in 1939 entered the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. He was soon expelled for a critical attitude to forced collectivisation, and even was forbidden to enter any other institute. He claims that he was arrested but managed to escape, and later involved in a plot to assassinate Joseph Stalin during a school parade. He joined the Red Army in 1940 and took part in the Great Patriotic War as tankist and pilot, receiving many medals for a distinguished flight record.

[edit] Scientific work in Moscow

Zinovyev entered Moscow State University; he later told that his ban from universities was overlooked for a bribe — a box of sweets. He graduated in 1951 summa cum laude with a thesis on the logical structure of Marx’ Das Kapital; the thesis was only published in Russia in 2002. During the next decades he became one of the most important logicians of the USSR.

Alexander Zinovyev wrote many articles and books on logic and methodology of science and was often invited to international conferences, but the authorities never let him attend. As the chairman of Moscow State University Logic Department, Zinovyev earned himself the reputation of a pro-dissident lecturer since he refused to expel dissident professors. In a gesture of protest against Brezhnev's spreading cult of personality, he resigned from editorial board of Voprosy Filosofii ('Problems of Philosophy'), the leading philosophical journal of the time. By the year 1974 he was in almost complete isolation.

[edit] In exile

Various fictional, often satirical, stories he wrote about the Soviet society agglomerated into his first major work of fiction, The Yawning Heights. After the release of the book in Switzerland in 1976, Zinovyev was dismissed from his lecturer's job, evicted from the Academy of Sciences, stripped of all awards including his war medals, and finally expelled from Soviet Union after his next novel, The Radiant Future, criticising Leonid Brezhnev, was published in the West in 1978. He settled in Munich where he lived until 1999.

The Yawning Heights was the first in a series of Zinovyev's fictional works that have been widely recognised to belong in the original genre that he has called the sociological novel. The Yawning Heights was extremely successful, being soon translated into most major European languages and read aloud in Russian via Western radio broadcasts. Such novels describe fictional situations, focusing on their sociologically significant aspects. Characters, who vary in their personal qualities and social positions, discuss their life in the society, being “allowed” by the author to voice different opinions on various issues. Zinovyev admits that much misunderstanding of his ideas arises from undue confusion of his point of view with those of his characters.

Among his non-fiction works from that time are Without Illusions (1979), We and the West (1981), Communism as a Reality (1981), Gorbachevism (1987). The latter was first published in French, 1987 (Lausanne: L'Âge d'homme). Without Illusions is a collection of essays, lectures, and broadcasts by Zinovyev. He explained thereby his way of interpretation of the Communist society, suggesting he was using scientific approach. Zinovyev stated, that the Western democracies had actually underestimated the threat of Communism, especially the peaceful infiltration of Communist characteristics into the Western society. He claimed that Communism did not destroy and principally could not have destroyed the social differences among the people, but had only changed the forms of inequality. Contrary to some critics of the Soviet system, Zinovyev emphasised that it was by no means irrational in essence or a result of some incidental circumstances: according to Zinovyev, this system was a product of laws of sociology and as such, rational in nature. However, he also stressed that in no way did he support Communism.[2]

Until the era of Perestroika, he was one of the most outspoken critics of the Soviet regime. Unlike Solzhenitsyn, who sought a kind of revival of pre-1917 Russia, Zinovyev also denounced religion and Russian nationalism.

[edit] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union

Zinovyev ceased to criticise Communism at the very dawn of Perestroika, before the upsurge of crime and socio-economic problems that Russia faced in the 1990s. He became sympathetic to some aspects of the Soviet regime, and most radically condemned the reforms initiated by Boris Yeltsin.[1] He argues that the West was the key influence in the Union's downfall: “Headed by the United States (a global supersociety located in the USA), the West has purposely implemented a program for destroying Russia”.[3] In 1996, he appealed to the public to support Gennady Zyuganov, a Communist candidate who eventually lost the presidential election to Yeltsin. According to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Zinoviev spoke of collectivisation in the USSR as of a "long-awaited gift for the Russian peasantry."[4]

[edit] Return to Russia

After 21 years of exile, Aleksandr Zinovyev returned to Russia in 1999, declaring he could no longer live "in the camp of those who are destroying my country and my people".[5] He approved of Yugoslavia's anti-Western leader Slobodan Milošević and visited him. Regarding Joseph Stalin, Zinovyev declared: "I consider him one of the greatest persons in the history of mankind. In the history of Russia he was, in my opinion, even greater than Lenin. Until Stalin's death I was anti-Stalinist, but I always regarded him as an outstanding personality."[6]

In his online interview, Zinovyev maintained that all the accusations brought against Milošević were mere slander; he also declared that he admired Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladić, whom he regards as significant and brave persons of the 20th century.[2][3] Zinovyev was a co-chairman of the International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milosevic. [4] After the death of Milošević in March 2006, the future of this association remains unclear.

Zinovyev was opposed to globalisation, which he likened to a “Third World War”. He was also fervently critical of the United States' role in the world, regarding them as more dangerous to Russia than Nazi Germany.[5]

Zinoviev was married three times and had several children. On May 10, 2006, Aleksandr Zinovyev died of brain cancer.

[edit] Study of the Western world’s society

In his later non-fictional works (and the sociological novel The Global Humant Hill), Zinoviev analyses the post-Soviet and modern Western social formations, arguing, among other things, that such concepts as 'democracy', 'capitalism', 'communism', 'free market', 'liberalism', 'society', 'totalitarianism' do not grasp the actual social phenomena of the modern society.

Zinoviev repeatedly asserted the decline of significance of the nation-state framework, and the recent (post-World War II) emergence of a new phenomenon of that he calls a supersociety (Russian: сверхобщество). This supersociety arises due to the exhausting of the fundamental “evolutionary limit” of the usual societies (like nations and nation-states). According to Zinoviev, both Communist and Western countries exhibited similar tendencies of development, which he attributes to that new supersociety. They include:

  • the complex supereconomy, which is de facto planned to a great degree;
  • the powerful supergovernment of networks and cliques that is non-democratic by nature;
    • yet, at the same time, the seemingly unreasonable growth of government structures and institutions, which indeed employed around 10% of the working population in USSR; and do employ around 20% of that in developed Western countries;
  • the corruption of some liberalist principles like that of separation of powers;
  • the emergence of superhumans (with its variations: the homo sovieticus in the USSR and the zapadoid (Russian: западоид — literally, “Westoid”) in the West)[7] that have some new, important behavioural qualities moulded by the changed social conditions.

[edit] Titles

(beside Soviet scientific degrees and War medals)

  • member of Bavarian Academy of Arts
  • member of Italian Academy of Science
  • Prix Europeén de l'essai laureate, 1977
  • award Best European Novel, 1978
  • Prix Médicis Étranger laureate, 1978
  • Prix Tocqueville laureate, 1982
  • honorary citizen of Ravenna, Avignon and Orange

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Scientific works

  • The Philosophical Problems of the Polyvalential Logic (Философские проблемы многозначной логики, 1960)
  • Логика высказываний и теория вывода (1962)
  • The Principles of the Scientific Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Основы научной теории научных знаний, 1967)
  • Complex Logics (Комплексная логика), 1970)
  • The Logics of Science (Логика науки), 1972
  • Logical Physics (Логическая физика), 1972

[edit] Fiction and sociological works

  • The Yawning Heights (Зияющие высоты) 1976
  • The Radiant Future (Светлое будущее) 1978
  • On the Threshold of Paradise (В преддверии рая) 1979
  • Without Illusions (Без иллюзий) 1979
  • Notes of the Nightwatchman (В преддверии рая) 1979
  • Communism as a Reality (Коммунизм как реальность) 1980
  • The Yellow House (Желтый дом) 1980
  • We and the West (Мы и Запад) 1981
  • Homo Soveticus (Гомо советикус) (1982) ISBN 0-87113-080-7
  • No Liberty, No Equality, No Fraternity (Ни свободы, ни равенства, ни братства) 1983
  • Para Bellum (Пара беллум) 1982
  • My Home my Exile (Мой дом - моя чужбина) 1982
  • The Wings of Our Youth (Нашей юности полёт) 1983
  • Gospels for Ivan (Евангенлие для Ивана) 1982
  • Go to Golgatha (Иди на Голгофу) 1985
  • Gorbachevism (Горбачевизм) 1988
  • Catastroika (Катастройка) 1988
  • Live! (Живи) 1989
  • My Chekhov (Мой Чехов) 1989
  • The Embroilment (Смута, 1994)
  • The Russian Experiment (Русский эксперимент) 1994
  • The West: phenomenon of westernism (Запад: феномен западнизма) 1995
  • The Post-Communist Russia (Посткоммунистическая Россия) 1996
  • The Global Humant Hill (Глобальный человейник) 1997
  • The Russian Fate (Русская судьба) 1999
  • The Global suprasociety and Russia [6](Глобальное сверхобщество и Запад) 2000
  • The Endeavour (Затея) 2000
  • The Demise of Russian communism (Гибель русского коммунизма) 2001
  • The logical sociologe (Логическая социология) 2003
  • The West (Запад) 2003
  • The Russian tragedy: the Death of a Utopia (Русская трагедия: гибель утопии) 2002
  • The Ideology of the Party of the Future (Идеология партии будущего) 2003
  • Suprasociety ahead (На пути к сверхобществу) 2004
  • The logical intellect (Логический интеллект) 2005
  • The crossroads (Распутье) 2005
  • The confession of a dissident (Исповедь отщепенца) 2005
  • The factor of cognizance (Фактор понимания) 2006

[edit] About Zinovyev

  • Alexander Zinoviev as Writer and Thinker: An Assessment by Philip Hanson; Michael Kirkwood
    • Reviewed in Slavic Review Vol. 48, No. 4 (Winter, 1989), pp. 694-695 by Alex de Jonge and in Russian Review Vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 490-492 by Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy
  • Alexander Zinoviev on Stalinism: Some Observations on "The Flight of Our Youth". By Philip Hanson in Soviet Studies Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan., 1988), pp. 125-135

[edit] References and notes

  1. ^ IPA: [ʌlʲekˈsandr ʌlʲekˈsandrəvʲɪʨ zʲɪˈnovʲjəf]. Alternative transliterations: Alexandr, Alexandre, Alexander, Zinoviev, Zinov'yev
  2. ^ Without Illusions - (Без иллюзий), 1979. The text in Russian: http://antisoviet.imwerden.de/zinoviev_a_bez_illuz.html.zip
  3. ^ Johnson's Russia List # 4659
  4. ^ Александр Солженицын, Россия в обвале, 1998 (гл. 25. Болезни русского национализма) http://antisoviet.imwerden.de/Solzh/v_obvale_toc.html
  5. ^ Alexander Zinoviev - Telegraph
  6. ^ Независимая Газета http://www.peoples.ru/art/literature/prose/roman/alexander_zinoviev/
  7. ^ Completely unrelated to other historical uses of the term; see superhuman and superman for those other meanings.

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