Alcide d'Orbigny

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Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny
Alcide d' Orbigny
Alcide d' Orbigny
Born September 6 , 1802
Couëron, France
Died June 30, 1857
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
Residence France
Nationality French
Fields Naturalist, zoology, malacology, palaeontology, geology, archaeology, anthropology
Institutions Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
Known for malacology, fossils, palaeontology

Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (September 6, 1802 - June 30, 1857) was a great French naturalist. He made major contributions in many areas, including zoology, malacology, palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropology.

D'Orbigny was born in Couëron (Loire-Atlantique), the son of a ship's physician and amateur naturalist. The family moved to La Rochelle in 1820, where his interest for natural history was raised, while studying the marine fauna and especially microscopic creatures, that he named "foraminiferans".

In Paris he became a disciple of the geologist L.-A. Cordier (1777-1861) and Georges Cuvier. All his life, he would follow the theory of Cuvier and stay opposed to Lamarckism.

D'Orbigny travelled, on a mission for the Paris Museum, in South America between 1826 and 1833. He visited Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. He returned to France with an enormous collection of more than 10,000 natural history specimens. He described part of his findings in La Relation du Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale. His contemporary, Charles Darwin called this book "one of the great monuments of science in the 19th century". The other specimens were described by zoologists at the museum.

On the shore of Rio Magdalen. Image from the book : "Voyages pittoresque dans les deux Amériques"
On the shore of Rio Magdalen. Image from the book : "Voyages pittoresque dans les deux Amériques"

In 1840, d'Orbigny started the methodical description of French fossils and published La Paléontologie Française (8 vols).

In 1849 he published another major work, Prodrome de Paléontologie Stratigraphique. In this book he described almost 18,000 species.

In 1853 he became professor of palaeontology at the Paris Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. The chair of paleontology was created especially in his honor.

He described as first the geological timescales. He defined numerous geological strata, still used today as chronostratigraphic reference such as Toarcian, Callovian, Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian.

He died in the small town of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, near Paris.

The following genera and species were named in his honor :

  • Nerocila orbignyi (Guérin, 1832)
  • Alcidia Bourguignat, 1889
  • Ampullaria dorbignyana Philippi, 1851
  • Pinna dorbignyi Hanley, 1858
  • Haminoea orbignyana A. de Férussac, 1822
  • Pink Cuttlefish, Sepia orbignyana Férussac, 1826

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Persondata
NAME d'Orbigny, Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION French scientist
DATE OF BIRTH September 6 , 1802
PLACE OF BIRTH Couëron, France
DATE OF DEATH June 30, 1857
PLACE OF DEATH Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France