Albizia saman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Samanea saman
In Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Conservation status

Secure (TNC)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
(unranked) Eurosids I
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Ingeae
Genus: Albizia
Species: A. saman
Binomial name
Albizia saman
(Jacq.) Merr.
Synonyms

Many, see text

Albizia saman is known under a wide range of common names, such Saman, Rain Tree or Monkey Pod (see also below). It is often placed in the genus Samanea, which by yet other authors is subsumed in Albizia entirely. This legume tree is native to the mainland neotropics, from Mexico south to Peru and Brazil, but has been widely introduced to the Pacific islands, including Hawaiʻi, where it is categorized as an invasive species.

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Pink-flowered Rain Tree pollinated by huge bee.Kolkata, West Bengal (India).
Pink-flowered Rain Tree pollinated by huge bee.
Kolkata, West Bengal (India).

Saman is a wide-canopied tree with a large symmetrical crown. It usually reaches a height of 25 meters and a diameter of 40 meters[1]. Several lineages of this tree are available e.g. with reddish pink and creamish golden colored flowers.

During his 1799-1804 travels in the Americas, Alexander von Humboldt encountered a giant Saman tree near Maracay (Venezuela). He measured the circumference of the parasol-shaped crown at 576 ft (about 180.8 m[2]), its diameter at around 190 ft (about 59.6 m), on a trunk at 9 ft (about 2.8 m) in diameter and reaching just 60 ft (nearly 19 m) in height. Humboldt mentioned that the tree was reported to have changed little since the Spanish colonization of Venezuela; he estimated the Saman to be as old as the famous Canary Islands Dragon Tree (Dracaena draco) of Icod de los Vinos on Tenerife.[3]

The tree, called Samán del Guère (transcribed Zamang del Guayre by von Humboldt) still stands today and is a Venezuelan national treasure. Just like the dragon tree on Tenerife, the age of the Saman in Venezuela is rather indeterminate. As von Humboldt's report makes clear, according to local tradition it would be older than 500 years today, which is rather outstanding by the genus' standards. It is certain however than the tree is quite more than 200 years old today. But it is one exceptional individual; even the well-learned von Humboldt could not believe it was actually the same species as the Saman trees he knew from the greenhouses at Schönbrunn Castle[4].

[edit] Gallery

During falling leaf period.
Kolkata, West Bengal (India).

Black-rumped Flameback (Dinopium benghalense) on Rain Tree bark.
Kolkata, West Bengal (India).

Golden-flowered Rain Tree.
Ranchi, Jharkhand (India).

Pods.
Kolkata, West Bengal (India).

[edit] Names

Albizia saman is a well-known tree, rivalled perhaps only by Lebbeck and Pink Siris among its genus. It is well-attested in many languages and has a bunch of local names in its native range. Most names that originated in Europe (where the tree hardly grows anywhere) are some variety of "Rain Tree". The original name, Saman - known in many languages and used for the specific name - derives from zamang, meaning "Mimosoideae tree" in some Cariban language of northern Venezuela[4].

The name Rain Tree was coined in in tropical India, especially Bengal. Its origin is the moisture that collects on the ground under the tree, largely the honeydew-like discharge of cicadas feeding on the leaves.

  • English: Saman, Rain Tree, Monkey Pod, Giant Thibet, Inga Saman[5], Cow Tamarind[6], East Indian Walnut[7].
Grenada: Coco Tamarind[6]. Guyana: French Tamarind[6]
  • Spanish: cenízaro, acacia preta, arbor de lluvia ("rain tree"), genízaro.
Cuba: algarrobo. Central America: carreto, cenicero, dormilon, zarza. Colombia and Venezuela: campano, saman. Venezuela: carabeli, couji, lara, urero, zaman.

In the Caribbean region it is occasionally called marsave. As an introduced plant on Fiji, it is called vaivai (ni vavalagi), from vaivai "watery" (in allusion to the tree's "rain") + vavalagi "foreign".

[edit] Synonyms

Unlike some other Ingeae, its taxonomy was always rather straightforward. Though it has a lot of junior synonyms, it was little confused with other species and unlike some others of its genus has just one homonym:[8]

  • Acacia propinqua A.Rich.
Acacia propinqua Pedley is a synonym of Acacia mimula
  • Albizzia saman (Jacq.) Merr. (orth.var)
  • Calliandra saman (Jacq.) Griseb.
  • Enterolobium sama] (Jacq.) Prain
  • Feuilleea saman (Jacq.) Kuntze
  • Inga cinerea Willd.
  • Inga salutaris Kunth
  • Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd.
  • Mimosa pubifera Poir.
  • Mimosa saman Jacq.
  • Pithecellobium cinereum Benth.
  • Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.
  • Pithecellobium saman var. saman (Jacq.) Benth.
  • Pithecolobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.
  • Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.
  • Zygia saman (Jacq.) A.Lyons

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Arditti & On (2004)
  2. ^ Presuming von Humboldt used the Magdeburg foot of 1755, introduced in Prussia in 1793, which was 1.044 ft (31.385 cm).
  3. ^ von Humboldt & Bonpland (1820): pp.98-100
  4. ^ a b von Humboldt & Bonpland (1820): p.99 footnote
  5. ^ It is a rather close relative to the ingas.
  6. ^ a b c Among the legumes, it is not very closely related related to tamarinds.
  7. ^ It is not at all closely related to walnuts.
  8. ^ ILDIS (2005)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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