AKT2

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V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2
PDB rendering based on 1gzk.
Available structures: 1gzk, 1gzn, 1gzo, 1mrv, 1mry, 1o6k, 1o6l, 1p6s, 2jdo, 2jdr, 2uw9
Identifiers
Symbol(s) AKT2; PKBBETA; PRKBB; RAC-BETA
External IDs OMIM: 164731 MGI: 104874 HomoloGene: 48773
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 208 11652
Ensembl ENSG00000105221 ENSMUSG00000004056
Uniprot P31751 Q3TY95
Refseq NM_001626 (mRNA)
NP_001617 (protein)		 XM_001000182 (mRNA)
XP_001000182 (protein)
Location Chr 19: 45.43 - 45.48 Mb Chr 7: 27.3 - 27.35 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2, also known as AKT2, is a human gene.

This gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases containing SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains. The gene was shown to be amplified and overexpressed in 2 of 8 ovarian carcinoma cell lines and 2 of 15 primary ovarian tumors. Overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal pancreatic cancers. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phophorylating several known proteins.[1]. Mice lacking Akt2 have a normal body mass, but display a profound diabetic phenotype, indicating that Akt2 plaays a key role in signal transduction downstream of the insulin receptor. Mice lacking Akt2 show worse outcome in breast cancer initaited by the large T antigen as well as the neu oncogene.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Entrez Gene: AKT2 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2.

[edit] Further reading

  • Cheng JQ, Godwin AK, Bellacosa A, et al. (1992). "AKT2, a putative oncogene encoding a member of a subfamily of protein-serine/threonine kinases, is amplified in human ovarian carcinomas.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (19): 9267–71. PMID 1409633. 
  • Jones PF, Jakubowicz T, Hemmings BA (1992). "Molecular cloning of a second form of rac protein kinase.". Cell Regul. 2 (12): 1001–9. PMID 1801921. 
  • Staal SP (1987). "Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (14): 5034–7. PMID 3037531. 
  • Cheng JQ, Ruggeri B, Klein WM, et al. (1996). "Amplification of AKT2 in human pancreatic cells and inhibition of AKT2 expression and tumorigenicity by antisense RNA.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (8): 3636–41. PMID 8622988. 
  • Meier R, Alessi DR, Cron P, et al. (1997). "Mitogenic activation, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of protein kinase Bbeta.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (48): 30491–7. PMID 9374542. 
  • Borgatti P, Zauli G, Colamussi ML, et al. (1998). "Extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein activates phosphatidylinositol 3- and Akt/PKB kinases in CD4+ T lymphoblastoid Jurkat cells.". Eur. J. Immunol. 27 (11): 2805–11. PMID 9394803. 
  • Walker KS, Deak M, Paterson A, et al. (1998). "Activation of protein kinase B beta and gamma isoforms by insulin in vivo and by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 in vitro: comparison with protein kinase B alpha.". Biochem. J. 331 ( Pt 1): 299–308. PMID 9512493. 
  • Joel PB, Smith J, Sturgill TW, et al. (1998). "pp90rsk1 regulates estrogen receptor-mediated transcription through phosphorylation of Ser-167.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (4): 1978–84. PMID 9528769. 
  • Delcommenne M, Tan C, Gray V, et al. (1998). "Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (19): 11211–6. PMID 9736715. 
  • Mitsuuchi Y, Johnson SW, Sonoda G, et al. (1999). "Identification of a chromosome 3p14.3-21.1 gene, APPL, encoding an adaptor molecule that interacts with the oncoprotein-serine/threonine kinase AKT2.". Oncogene 18 (35): 4891–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203080. PMID 10490823. 
  • Masure S, Haefner B, Wesselink JJ, et al. (1999). "Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the human serine/threonine kinase Akt-3.". Eur. J. Biochem. 265 (1): 353–60. PMID 10491192. 
  • Meucci O, Fatatis A, Simen AA, Miller RJ (2000). "Expression of CX3CR1 chemokine receptors on neurons and their role in neuronal survival.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (14): 8075–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.090017497. PMID 10869418. 
  • Laine J, Künstle G, Obata T, et al. (2000). "The protooncogene TCL1 is an Akt kinase coactivator.". Mol. Cell 6 (2): 395–407. PMID 10983986. 
  • Campbell RA, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Patel NM, et al. (2001). "Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (13): 9817–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010840200. PMID 11139588. 
  • Zauli G, Milani D, Mirandola P, et al. (2001). "HIV-1 Tat protein down-regulates CREB transcription factor expression in PC12 neuronal cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/cyclic nucleoside phosphodiesterase pathway.". FASEB J. 15 (2): 483–91. doi:10.1096/fj.00-0354com. PMID 11156964. 
  • Kapasi AA, Fan S, Singhal PC (2001). "Role of 14-3-3epsilon, c-Myc/Max, and Akt phosphorylation in HIV-1 gp 120-induced mesangial cell proliferation.". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280 (2): F333–42. PMID 11208609. 
  • Matsumoto M, Ogawa W, Hino Y, et al. (2001). "Inhibition of insulin-induced activation of Akt by a kinase-deficient mutant of the epsilon isozyme of protein kinase C.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (17): 14400–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011093200. PMID 11278835. 
  • Brownawell AM, Kops GJ, Macara IG, Burgering BM (2001). "Inhibition of nuclear import by protein kinase B (Akt) regulates the subcellular distribution and activity of the forkhead transcription factor AFX.". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (10): 3534–46. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.10.3534-3546.2001. PMID 11313479. 
  • Clark DE, Poteet-Smith CE, Smith JA, Lannigan DA (2001). "Rsk2 allosterically activates estrogen receptor alpha by docking to the hormone-binding domain.". EMBO J. 20 (13): 3484–94. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3484. PMID 11432835. 
  • Chen R, Kim O, Yang J, et al. (2001). "Regulation of Akt/PKB activation by tyrosine phosphorylation.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (34): 31858–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.C100271200. PMID 11445557. 
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