Ahmad Qavam

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Ahmad Ghavam in imperial court uniform.

Ahmad Qavām (1876 - July , 1955) (Persian: احمد قوام), also known as Qavam os-Saltaneh (Persian: قوام السلطنه), was a Prime Minister of Iran.

Born in 1876 to a prominent Iranian family. His uncle, Amin Aldoleh, was a prime minister of Iran. He served in the royal court of Nasereddin Shah early in his career. He slowly climbed his way up, and obtained the title Ghavam al-Saltaneh during the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. Hasan Vothuq (also known as Vothuq al-Dowleh) was his older brother. The letter signed by Mozaffaredin Shah to accept the Iranian Constitutional Revolution was written by Qavam, who had the title of Dabir-e Hozoor (Private Secretary) at the time. In fact Qavam was instrumental in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution [2]. He became Prime Minister for several times during both Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties. Any time the country needed him, he accepted the challenge. He played a significant role in preventing USSR from separating Iran's northern states twice [2]. Nevertheless, historians have mixed feelings about his legacy.

In 1920, during the coup d'etat of Tehran against the Qajar government, Tabatabaei ordered Colonel Pesian to arrest many of the opposition, among them Ahmad Ghavam. Ghavam was arrested and sent to Tehran.

However with the fall of Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee's government, Mostowfi al-Mamalek among others was offered the position of Prime Minister, which he and the rest declined, due to the unstable political situation at the time. Hence Ghavam who had just been released from the Ishratabad prison of Tehran was offered the position, which he accepted and became Prime Minister overnight. So unusual was his rise that Iraj Mirza wrote the following verses:

یکی را افکند امروز در بند
کند روز دیگر او را خداوند

"One day in prison he is thrown,
another day the King's chair he'll own"

Ghavam in fact ordered the arrest of Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee in an incident 25 years later. He also ordered the crackdown on the revolt of Colonel Pesian which he crushed with the aid of Reza Pahlavi

Of the major events that occurred during his terms as the Prime Minister, was his invitation to Arthur Millspaugh for assisting the government in its finances. Another was the riots of 1942 for economic hardship. he appointed Sepahbod Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi to restore order and end the riots, which he did forcefully. Ghavam was also instrumental in the 1919 treaty between Iran, Russia, and Britain.

He was again voted Prime Minister in February 1946 with a slim margin in the Majlis of 52-51. The Malis thought he would have the best chance of resolving the Soviet inspired rebellion of the occupied Azerbaijan province since Qavam was the largest property-owner in the region. Qavam did not disappoint. He ordered the Iranian delegation to the UN to negotiate issues pending before the Security Council directly with the Soviet delegation. He then flew to Moscow to discuss the issues personally with Stalin.

When the Soviets violated the terms of the Tripartate Treaty which called for all foreign military forces to be withdrawn from Iranian territory by March 2, 1946, it drew a strong rebuke from Parliamentary Whip, Mohammed Mossadegh.

Qavam arranged a deal with the Soviets, granting an oil concession in the North contingent on the approval of the Majlis after the elections. Under the terms of the agreement with Qavam, Soviet troops began withdrawing from Iran. When the new Majlis was seated, they immediately voted against the proposed Soviet oil concession. This earned Qavam the congenial title, "The Old Fox."

He died at the age of 82 in 1955 in Tehran.

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[edit] References used

1. The following reference was used for the above writing: Iran in the last 3 Centuries by Alireza Avsati. Published Tehran, 2003. Vol1 ISBN 964-93406-6-1 Vol2 ISBN 964-93406-5-3

2. A book in Persian called Dar Tir Rase Hadese, The political life of Qavam osSaltaneh. First published in Tehran, winter of 2006. Author: Hamid Shokat, ISBN 078-964-8897-14-2. Published by akhtaranbook (www.akhtaranbook.com)

[edit] Sources

Translation from Persian Wikipedia

Preceded by Ebrahim Hakimi	Prime Minister of Iran 1946 January 27 – 1948	Succeeded by Ebrahim Hakimi
Preceded by Mohammad Mossadegh	Prime Minister of Iran 1952 July 16 – 1952 July 21	Succeeded by Mohammad Mossadegh