Agis II

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Agis II
King of Sparta
Reign 427 BC – 400\400 BC
Birthplace Sparta
Died 401 BC
Place of death Sparta
Predecessor Archidamus II
Successor Agesilaus II
Consort Timaea
Issue Leotychides (possibly illegitimate)
Dynasty Eurypontid
Father Archidamus II
For other uses of this name, see Agis.

Agis II (Gr. Ἄγις) (d. c. 401 BC) was the 17th Eurypontid king of Sparta, the eldest son of Archidamus II by his first wife, and half brother of Agesilaus.[1] He ruled with his Agiad co-monarch Pausanius.[2]

Agis succeeded his father Archidamus in 427 BC, and reigned a little more than 28 years. In the summer of 426 BC, he led an army of Peloponnesians and their allies as far as the isthmus, with the intention of invading Attica; but they were deterred from advancing farther by a succession of earthquakes which hap­pened when they had got so far.[3] In the spring of the following year he led an army into Attica, but quitted it fifteen days after he had entered it.[4] In 419 BC, the Argives, at the instigation of Alcibiades, attacked Epidaurus; and Agis with the whole force of Lacedaemon set out at the same time and marched to the frontier city, Leuctra. No one, Thucydides tells us, knew the purpose of this expedition. It was probably to make a diver­sion in favor of Epidaurus.[5]

At Leuctra the unfavorable aspect of the sacrifices deterred him from proceeding. He therefore led his troops back, and sent round notice to the allies to be ready for an expedition at the end of the sacred month of the Carnean festival; and when the Argives repeated their attack on Epidaurus, the Spartans again marched to the frontier town, Caryae, and again turned back, professedly on account of the aspect of the victims. In the mid­dle of the following summer (418 BC) the Epidaurians being still hard pressed by the Argives, the Lacedaemonians with their whole force and some allies, under the command of Agis, invaded Argolis. By a skillful maneuvre he succeeded in intercepting the Argives, and posted his army ad­vantageously between them and the city. But just as the battle was about to begin, the Argive general Thrasyllus and Alciphron came to Agis and prevailed on him to conclude a truce for four months.

Agis, without disclosing his motives, pulled his army back. On his return he was severely censured for having thus thrown away the oppor­tunity of reducing Argos, especially as the Argives had seized the opportunity afforded by his return and taken Orchomenos. It was proposed to pull down his house, and inflict on him a fine of 100,000 drachmas. But on his earnest entreaty they con­tented themselves with appointing a council of war, consisting of 10 Spartans, without whom he was not to lead an army out of the city.[6] Shortly afterwards they received intelligence from Tegea, that, if not promptly reinforced, the party favorable to Sparta in that city would be compelled to surrender. The Spartans immediately sent their whole force under the com­mand of Agis. He restored stability at Tegea, and then marched to Mantineia. By turning the waters to flood the lands of Mantineia, he succeeded in drawing the army of the Mantineans and Athenians down to the level ground. A bat­tle ensued, in which the Spartans were victorious. The Battle of Mantinea was reckoned one of the most important battles ever fought between Grecian states.[7]

In 417 BC, when news reached Sparta of the counter-revolution at Argos, in which the oligarchical and Spartan faction was overthrown, an army was sent there under Agis. He was unable to restore the defeated party, but he destroyed the long walls which the Argives had begun to carry down to the sea, and took Hysiae.[8] In the spring of 413 BC, Agis entered Attica with a Peloponnesian army, and fortified Decelea;[9] and in the winter of the same year, after the news of the disastrous fate of the Sicilian expedition had reached Greece, he marched northwards to levy contributions on the allies of Sparta, for the purpose of constructing a fleet. While at Decelea he acted largely independent of the Spar­tan government, and received embassies from the disaffected allies of the Athenians, as from the Boeotians and other allies of Sparta.[10] He seems to have remained at Decelea until the end of the Peloponnesian War. In 411 BC, during the administration of the Four Hundred, he made an unsuccessful attempt on Athens itself.[11] Afterwards the focus of the Peloponnesian War shifted to Asia, and Lysander assumed a greater role in the siege of Athens. After victory was secured, Agis voted to charge his Agiad co-monarch Pausanius with treason, but Pausanias was acquitted. [12]

In 401 BC, the command of the war against the notoriously disloyal Elis was entrust­ed to Agis, who in the third year compelled the Eleans to sue for peace, acknowledge the freedom of their Perioeci (citizens of cities conquered by Sparta, who were given some privileges), and to allow Spartans to take part in the Olympic Games and sacrifices.[2] As he was returning from Delphi, where he had gone to consecrate a tenth of the spoil, he fell sick at Heraea in Arcadia, and died in the course of a few days after he reached Sparta.[13] He was buried in Sparta, with unparalleled solemnity and pomp.[2]

Agis left a son, Leotychides, who however was excluded from the throne, as there was some suspicion with regard to his legitimacy. While Alcibiades was at Sparta he made Agis his enemy. Later writers assign as a reason that Agis suspected Alcibiades of having slept with his queen, Timaea (and fathered Leotychides).[14][15] It was probably at the suggestion of Agis that orders were sent out to Astyochus to put him to death. Alcibiades however received warning (according to some accounts from Timaea herself), and evaded the Spartans.[16][17]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Mason, Charles Peter (1867), “Agis (2)”, in Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, pp. 72 
  2. ^ a b c Agis II from Livius.Org
  3. ^ Thucydides, iii. 89
  4. ^ Thucydides, iv. 2, 6
  5. ^ Connop Thirlwall, vol. iii. p. 342
  6. ^ Thucydides v. 54, 57, &c.
  7. ^ Thucydides v. 71—73
  8. ^ Thucydides v. 83
  9. ^ Thucydides vii. 19, 27
  10. ^ Thucydides viii. 3, 5
  11. ^ Thucydides viii. 71
  12. ^ Cartledge, Paul Anthony (1996), “Agis II”, in Hornblower, Simon, Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press 
  13. ^ Xenophon, Hellenica iii. 2. § 21, &c. 3. § 1—4
  14. ^ Justin, v. 2
  15. ^ Plutarch, Alcibiades 23
  16. ^ Thucydides viii. 12, 45
  17. ^ Plutarch, Lysand. 22. Agesil. 3
Preceded by
Archidamus II		 Eurypontid King of Sparta
427 BC– 401/400 BC.		 Succeeded by
Agesilaus II