African immigration to the United States

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African Immigrants (U.S.)
Kwame Anthony Appiah • Akon • Barack Obama
Total population
621,000  (0.2% of U.S. population)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Washington, D.C., New York, Minneapolis, California
Languages
English (Various Forms of African English, American English), Amharic, Yoruba, Ashanti, Igbo, French, Wolof, Somali, Hausa, Portuguese, Capeverdean Crioulos, Spanish, others
Religions
Christianity, Islam, Traditional, others
Related ethnic groups
Sub-Saharan Africans, African Americans, Nigerian Americans, Africans,

Africans immigrants, in the scope of this article, are recent immigrants to the United States from the continent of Africa and their descendants.

This group is to be distinguished from Black Americans who are descended from enslaved Africans, as well Americans with roots in other parts of the African diaspora. "African", in the scope of this article refers to national origin rather than racial affiliation as defined by the U.S. Census.

Contents 1 Educational Attainment 2 Income levels 3 Demographics 4 Health 5 Population 6 Culture 7 Visibility 8 External links 9 See also 10 References

[edit] Educational Attainment

Africans have the highest educational attainment rates of any immigrant group in the United States with higher levels of completion than the stereotyped Asian American model minority.^[2] It is not only the first generation that does well, as estimates indicate that a highly disproportionate percentage of black students at elite universities are African or the children of African immigrants. Harvard University, for example, has estimated that two-thirds of their black population is not comprised of traditional black Americans.^[3] This is true for other universities such as Brown, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Duke and Berkeley.^[4] As a result, the benefits of affirmative action are not efficiently serving traditional multi-generational black Americans who are descendants of American slaves.^[5] This also includes recent black immigrants from other areas of the African diaspora, like Afro-Caribbean people.

In an analysis of Census Bureau data by the Journal of Blacks in higher education, African immigrants to the United States were found more likely to be college educated than any other immigrant group. African immigrants to the U.S. are also more highly educated than any other native-born ethnic group including white Americans. Some 48.9 percent of all African immigrants hold a college diploma. This is slightly more than the percentage of Asian immigrants to the U.S., nearly double the rate of native-born white Americans, and nearly four times the rate of native-born African Americans.^[6]

In 1997, 19.4 percent of all adult African immigrants in the United States held a graduate degree, compared to 8.1 percent of adult whites and 3.8 percent of adult blacks in the United States, respectively.^[7] This information suggests that America has an equally large achievement gap between whites and African/Asian immigrants as they do between white and black Americans.

Of the African-born population in the United States age 25 and older 86.4% reported having a high school degree or higher, compared with 78. 9% of Asian born immigrants and 76.5% of European born immigrants, respectively. These figures contrast with 61.8% percent of the total foreign-born population.^[8] Immigrants groups in general tend to have higher high school graduation rates than the native-born general American population.

Those Africans born from Zimbabwe (96.7 percent), Botswana (95.5 percent), and Malawi (95 percent) were the most likely to report having a high school degree or higher. Those born in Cape Verde (44.8 percent) and Mauritania (60.8 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.^[9]

Of the European born those born in Bulgaria (92.6 percent), Switzerland (90.5 percent), and Ireland (90.4 percent) were the most likely to report having a high school degree or higher. Those born in Portugal (42.9 percent), Italy (53.7 percent), and Greece (59.9 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.^[10]

Of the Asian born Mongolia (94.8 percent), Kuwait (94.7 percent), the United Arab Emirates (94.5 percent), and Qatar (94.3 percent) were most likely to report having a high school degree or higher. Those born in Laos (48.1 percent), Cambodia (48.4 percent), and Yemen (49.9 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.^[11]

In Canada similar trends can be seen where both foreign-born and Canadian-born blacks have graduation rates that exceed those of other Canadians. Similar patters of educational over-achievements are reached with years of schooling and with data from the 1994 Statistics Canada survey.^[12][13] Black immigrants have a higher standard of educational achievement, on average, than the overall Canadian population.^[14]

African immigrants to the United States are the largest immigrant group that has the lowest percentage of people not fluent in English. This is likely due to the fact that it is one of the most spoken languages in Africa, and possibly the best known continent-wide.

Areas	U.S. Population	All Immigrants	African Immigrants	Asian Americans	Europe, Russia & Canada	Latin, South America & Caribbean
Not Fluent in English	0.6%	30.5%	7.6%	23.4%	11.5%	44.0%
Less Than High School	17.1%	39.1%	12.1%	21.2%	23.5%	57.4%
College Degree	23.1%	23.3	43.8%	42.5%	28.9%	9.1%
Advanced Degree	2.6%	4.2	8.2%	6.8%	5.8%	1.9%

SOURCE: 2000 US CENSUS

[edit] Income levels

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, income levels among Africans are also typically higher than Black Americans. This can be attributed to the higher education levels. However, Africans still earn on average less than Whites and Asians with similar or lower levels of education, suggesting ongoing discrimination.^[15]

[edit] Demographics

Metros with largest African-born population (2000 Census)

Metropolitan Area	African Population	% of Black total	% of Total Metro Population
Washington, DC, MD-VA-WV	80,281	6.1	1.6
New York, NY	73, 851	3.4	0.8
Atlanta, GA	34,302	2.9	0.8
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI	27,592	15.4	0.9
Greater Los Angeles Area	25,829	2.7	0.3
Boston, MA-NH	24,231	9.8	0.7
Houston, TX	22,683	3.1	0.5
Chicago, IL	19,438	1.2	0.2
Dallas, TX	19,134	3.6	0.5
Philadelphia, PA-NJ	16,344	1.6	0.3

It is estimated that the current population of African Immigrants is over 600,000.^[16] Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. are Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Egypt, Somalia, and South Africa.

Africans typically congregate in urban areas, moving to suburban areas over time. They are also less likely to live in segregated areas.^[17] The goals of Africans vary tremendously. While some look to create new lives in the U.S., some plan on using the resources and skills gained to go back and help their countries of origin. Either way, African communities contribute millions to the economies of Africa by sending money to their family members.

Immigrants from Africa typically settle in heavily urban areas upon arrival into the U.S. Areas such as Washington, D.C., New York, and Minneapolis have heavy concentrations of African immigrant populations relative to the general black population. Often there are clusters of nationalities within these cities. For instance, Washington, D.C. has large Ghanaian, Eritrean, and Ethiopian communities; Minneapolis has large Somali and Ethiopian populations; and Africans in Houston are predominantly Nigerian. The longer African immigrants live in the United States, the more likely they are to live in suburban areas.

[edit] Health

Immigrants from predominantly black nations in Africa and South America are generally healthier than black immigrants from predominantly white nations in Europe. A study conducted by Jen’nan Ghazal Read, a sociology professor at the UC Irvine and Michael O. Emerson, a sociology professor at Rice University, closely studied the health of more than 2,900 black immigrants from top regions of emigration: the West Indies, Africa, South America and Europe. Blacks born in Africa and South America have been shown to be healthier than American born Blacks.^[18][19]

The study was published in the September issue of Social Forces and is the first to look at the health of black immigrants by their region of origin.^[20] The study also showed that the advantage enjoyed by those black emigrants from predominantly non-white nations tended to erode the longer they remained with in the American social framework. The researchers believe this may be the result of being exposed to more stressful life events

[edit] Population

African Immigrants (U.S.) Ancestries in the 2000 US Census^[21]

Ancestry	1990	1990% of US population	2000	2000% of US population	Percent change from 1990 to 2000
Ethiopian	27,200	negligible (no data)	86,918	negligible (no data)	219.6%
Ghanaian	14,900	negligible (no data)	49,944	negligible (no data)	235.2
Nigerian	35,300	negligible (no data)	165,481	negligible (no data)	368.8%
South Africa	15,690	negligible (no data)	45,569	negligible (no data)	190.4%
Other	136,910	negligible (no data)	292,088	negligible (no data)	113.3%
TOTAL	230,000	0.1%	640,000	0.2%	166.9%

[edit] Culture

Because of the extremely diverse nature of African ethnic groups, there is no single African immigrant identity. However, cultural bonds are cultivated through shared ethnic or nationalistic affiliations. Some organizations like the Ghanaian group Fantse-Kuo and the Sudanese Association organize by country, region, or ethnic group. Other groups present traditional culture from a pan-African perspective. Using traditional skills and knowledge, African-born entrepreneurs develop services for immigrants and the community at large. Events such as the annual Ethiopian soccer tournament, institutions such as the AME Methodist Church African Liberation Ministry, and "friends" and "sister cities" organizations bring together different communities in the Washington area.^[22] The extent to which African immigrants engage in these activities naturally varies according to the population. While there is often a conflict in identity, whether an African immigrant is American, African-American, or an undefined category, the general trend is toward assimilation.^[23]

[edit] Visibility

Due to a small population, African immigrants are generally under the radar of average Americans. Their achievements and contributions to U.S. culture are relatively small but notable. First and second generation African immigrants can be seen in a wide variety of areas from academia to athletics to acting. Barack Obama, the junior United States Senator and candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, could possibly be included within the group because his father was a Harvard educated Kenyan. However, Obama was raised by his American mother and his father never sought permanency in the U.S. A few notable African academics include John Ogbu and Kwame Anthony Appiah. In sports, Hakeem Olajuwon and Joseph Addai are prominent, and in entertainment, Gbenga Akinnagbe, singer Akon, and rapper Chamillionaire are also distinguished. Because of the similar racial background, African immigrants are generally lumped in the with greater African American population.

[edit] External links

• Africaresource: A Cognitive Advantage for Africans
• Africaresource: Are Blacks Smarter?
• New York Times: Tastes of Nigeria, Sounds of Sierra Leone
• New York Times: Bronx: Beyond the Yankees and the Zoo
• New York Times: Solace From a Multiethnic Tapestry

[edit] See also

• List of topics related to Black and African people
• Nigerian Americans
• United States foreign born per capita income
• Ghanaian Americans
• Somali migration to Maine

[edit] References

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