African Pygmy-falcon

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Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Falconiformes
Family:	Falconidae
Genus:	Polihierax
Species:	P. semitorquatus

Binomial name

Polihierax semitorquatus
(Smith, 1836)

The African Pygmy-falcon (Polihierax semitorquatus) is a falcon that lives in eastern and southern Africa, the smallest raptor of the continent. As a small falcon, only 19 to 20 cm long, it preys on insects, small reptiles and even small mammals.

1 Description
2 Range, habitat, and population
3 Nesting
4 Polyandry
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Description

Adult African Pygmy-falcons are white below and on the face, grey above, the female having a chestnut back. There are white "eye spots" on the nape. Juveniles have a brown back, duller than adult females, and a rufous wash on the breast. The flight feathers of the wings are spotted black and white (more black above, more white below); the tail is barred black and white.^[1]^[2]

The flight is low and undulating. In size, pattern, and the habit of perching upright on an exposed branch or treetop, this species resembles some shrikes.^[1]^[2]

The call is "a high-pitched kikiKIK, repeated" (Kenya)^[1] or "a 'chip-chip' and a 'kik-kik-kik-kik'" (southern Africa)^[2].

[edit] Range, habitat, and population

The African Pygmy-falcon inhabits dry bush. The subspecies P. s. castanonotus occurs from Sudan to Somalia and south to Uganda and Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus occurs from Angola to northern South Africa.^[2]^[3] This range is estimated to have an area of 2.7 million km², and the total population is estimated to be between 100,000 and 1 million birds.^[3]

[edit] Nesting

In Kenya, African Pygmy-falcon nest in White-headed Buffalo-weaver nests, and the ranges of the two birds coincide.^[1] In southern Africa, they are found around Red-billed Buffalo-weaver nests but predominantly nest in the vacant rooms of Sociable Weaver nests,^[2] which are large and multichambered—even if the Sociable Weavers still have an active colony in the nest. Despite being bird-eaters and bigger than Sociable Weavers, the Pygmy-falcons largely leave the latter alone, though they do occasionally catch and eat nestlings and even adults.^[4]

[edit] Polyandry

African Pygmy-falcons occasionally engage in polyandrous relationships, where there are more than two adults living together and tending nestlings. There are four potential reasons for this behavior: defense, co-operative polyandry, delayed dispersal of offspring, and thermoregulation (warmth). Corroboration for the last is that in winter African Pygmy-falcons nest further inside the nest of Sociable Weavers, where there is better insulation.^[5]

[edit] References

Pygmy falcon at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zimmerman, Dale A.; Turner, Donald A.; and Pearson, David J. (1999). Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Princeton University Press, 90–91, 110–111, 309. ISBN 0-691-01022-6. Retrieved on 2007-07-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; and Tarboton, Warwick (2002). Birds of Southern Africa. Princeton University Press, 116, 132. ISBN 0-691-09862-1. Retrieved on 2007-07-26.
^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2004). Polihierax semitorquatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
^ Covas, Rita; Huyser, Onno; and Doutrelant, Claire (2004). "Pygmy Falcon predation of nestlings of their obligate host, the Sociable Weaver". Ostrich 75 (4): 325–326. ISSN 0030–6525.
^ Spottiswoode, Claire; Herrmann, Eric; Rasa, O. Anne E.; and Sapsford, Colin W. (2004). "Co-operative breeding in the Pygmy Falcon Polihierax semitorquatus". Ostrich 75 (4): 322–324. ISSN 0030-6525.