Aes rude

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Aes rude ^[1] (lat. rough bronze) was an ingot of bronze used as a sort of proto-currency in ancient Italy during the gradual transition from bartering to the use of round coinage made from precious metals.

The Italian economy of the time (late middle first millennium BCE) was based on a bronze standard (unlike the silver standards in use in contemporary Greece, the Aeginetan standard and its competitor the Attic standard). Consequently, unworked lumps of bronze were used as both primitive ingots and as primitive coins, facilitating trade across the peninsula and paving the way for the first true Roman ingots, the aes signatum, which, in turn, was the precursor of the first Roman true coinage, the aes grave.

The earliest surviving piece of aes rude dates from the early 200s BCE or, possibly, from the late 300s BCE, and was cast in central Italy. It is, simply, 10.9 g of bronze, shaped vaguely like a lumpy ingot. Only later on did it become usual to mark these lumps and, eventually, make them into a standard shape (the round, thin disk-shape still in use today). The aes rude, being inorganic and unworked, is notoriously difficult to authenticate; forgery is absurdly easy and only a very few pieces are known to be genuine, making numismatic research difficult (though not quite impossible) for this period of Italian history.

[edit] References

[edit] Sources

• http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac56cas.html
• Lloyd, J. (trans.), Orrieux, C. & Schmitt Pantel, P., A History of Ancient Greece, Oxford, 1999, Blackwell Punlishers, Ltd.
• Haeberlin E.: Aes Grave, Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittelitaliens einschließlich der ihm vorausgehenden Rohbronzewährung, Halle 1910
• Sydenham, Edward A.: Aes Grave A Study of the Cast Coinages of Rome and Central Italy. London, Spink, 1926
• Head Barclay V. Historia Nummorum, a Manual of Greek Numismatic, London, 1911
• Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder): Naturalis Historia, XXXIII, XIII, 43 (antea rudi usos Romae Timaeus tradit).

[edit] See also

• Roman Republican coinage