Adriaan Koerbagh
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Adriaan Koerbagh (Amsterdam, 1632 - 1669) is best known as a critic of religion and morality.
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[edit] Life
He studied at the universities of Utrecht and Leiden, becoming a doctor in medicine and master in jurisprudence. He was one of the most radical figures of the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting and reviling the church and state as unreliable institutions, exposing theologians' and lawyers' language as vague and opaque tools to blind the people in order to maintain their own power. Koerbagh put the authority of reason above that of dogmas and can thus be seen as a true freethinker, though twentieth century notions of him as an anarchist or libertarian cannot be applied with certainty.
Koerbagh described the Bible and dogmas like the Trinity and the divine nature of Christ as only the work of men. Also, like earlier pantheists such as Baruch de Spinoza, he argued that God is identical with nature and that nothing exists outside of nature. Therefore, he argued, natural science, not theology, was the real theology of the world. In his views about the secularization of the Republic of the Netherlands and the limitation of ecclesiastical powers, he went further than his friend Spinoza, stating that religion is irrational and only maintains its position through deception and violence.
He wrote in 1664 "'t Nieuw Woorden-Boeck der Regten" (The New Dictionary of Rights), and in 1668 "Een Bloemhof van allerley lieflijkheyd"(a flower garden of all sorts of delights), under the pseudonym Vreederijk Waarmond. This book explained various foreign words, and caused great religious opposition that forced him to flee to Culemborg, a legally autonomously town in another province that would not extradite him, and then to Leiden.
Adriaan Koerbagh fiercely opposed the Dutch Reformed Church in his third work, "Een Ligt schynende in duystere plaatsen, om te verligten de voornaamste saaken der Godsgeleerdtheyd en Godsdienst" (A light shining in dark places, to shed light on matters of theology and religion). He went to Leiden, where he was betrayed by his printer, who knew the contents of his work, and arrested by the authorities. His brother Johannes was also arrested.
His persuasions finally cost him his life. In 1668 he was sentenced to 10 years in the Rasphuis jail at Amsterdam, where he had to do forced labour, to be followed by exile and a 4000 guilder fine. He died a few months later, in 1669, in the Rasphuis due to the pressures of prison life. His publications were largely destroyed by the authorities of the Republic. His brother Johannes was released because of lack of evidence against him, but he never published again. He died three year later, in 1672.
Koerbaghs story shows that the tolerance of the Dutch Republic, however great compared with almost every other country in the world at the time, was certainly not unlimited.
[edit] Works
- 't Nieuw-woordenboek der Regten (1664)
- Een Bloemhof van allerley lieflijkheyd sonder verdriet (1668)
- Een ligt Schijnende in Duystere Plaatsen, om te verligten de voornaamste saaken der Godsgeleerdtheyd en Godsdienst (1668, reissued 1974)
[edit] Sources
- NRC Handelsblad (Dutch newspaper), 18 June 2007.
- Israel, Jonathan I., Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750; Oxford University Press, USA; 2002
