Adiabene

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This article is part of the series on: History of the Assyrian people Early history Ancient Assyria (20th - 10th c. BC) Aramaeans (14th - 9th c. BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 - 612 BC) Achaemenid Assyria (539 - 330 BC) Osroene (132 BC - 244 AD) Roman Syria (64 BC - 637 AD) Adiabene (15 - 116 AD) Roman Assyria (116 - 118) Asuristan (226 - 651) Syriac Christianity Syriac Christianity (since 325) Nestorian Schism (5th c.) Emirs of Mosul (905-1383) Principality of Antioch (1098-1268) Ottoman Empire (1534-1917) Rise of nationalism Modern History Assyrian Genocide (1914-1920) Assyrian diaspora Independence movement (since 1919) Simele massacre (1933) Post-Saddam Iraq (since 2003)

Map showing kingdoms of Corduene and Adiabene in the first centuries CE.
The blue line shows the expedition and then retreat of the Ten Thousand through Corduene in 401 BC.

Adiabene (from the Greek: Αδιαβηνή, Adiabene, itself derived from Aramaic ܚܕܝܐܒ, Ḥaḏy’aḇ or Ḥḏay’aḇ)^[1] was an ancient Assyrian semi-independent kingdom in Mesopotamia,^[2][3][4] with its capital at Arbela (modern-day Arbil, Iraq). Its rulers converted to Judaism in the 1st Century.^[5] The Queen of Adiabene at the time of the conversion to Judaism, Queen Helena of Adiabene, moved for a time to Jerusalem. There she built palaces for herself and her sons, Izates bar Monobaz and Monobaz II at the northern part of the city of David, south of the Temple Mount. According to the Talmud, both Heleni and Monbaz donated large funds for the Temple of Jerusalem.

[edit] Location

Adiabene occupied a district in Mesopotamia between the Upper Zab River (Lycus) and the Lower Zab (Caprus), though Ammianus speaks of Nineveh, Ecbatana, and Gaugamela as also belonging to it.^[6] Although nominally a dependency of the Parthian Empire, for some centuries, beginning with the first century BC, it was semi-independent. In the Talmudic writings the name occurs as חדייב ,חדייף and הדייב, which is parallel to its Syriac form "Hadyab" or "Hedayab." Its chief city was Arbela (Arba-ilu), where Mar Uqba had a school, or the neighboring Hazzah, by which name the Arabs also called Arbela.^[7]

In Kiddushin 72a the Biblical Habor is identified with Adiabene (compare Yebamot 16b et seq., Yalqut Daniel 1064), but in Yerushalmi Megillah i. 71b with Riphath.^[8] In the Targum to Jeremiah li. 27, Ararat, Mini, and Ashkenaz are paraphrased by Kordu, Harmini, and Hadayab, i.e., Corduene, Armenia, and Adiabene; while in Ezekiel xxvii. 23 Harran, Caneh, and Eden are interpreted by the Aramaic translator as "Harwan, Nisibis, and Adiabene."

[edit] Population

Adiabene had a mixed population. In the account of Adiabene's conversion to Judaism in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, the royal family and aristocracy all bear Hellenistic names, pointing to their origin as ruling class during the Seleucid Empire.^{[citation needed]} The work also shows that there was a substantial Jewish population in the kingdom, which led to the establishment of a prominent rabbinic academy in Arbela.^{[citation needed]} During the Sassanid era, Iranians came to the fore politically.^{[citation needed]} Adiabene was home to Christians, Zoroastrians and Manichees. The difficult mixing of cultures can be seen in the story of the martyrdom of Mahanuš, a prominent Iranian Zoroastrian who converted to Christianity.^[9] In later times Adiabene became an archbishopric, with the seat of the metropolitan at Arbela.^[10]

The Adiabene was the country between upper and lower Zab and that is the land of Kurds; and the Kurdish vocabulary does in fact contain numerous expressions which were borrowed directly from the old Semitic Iraq before the Arab period and which are foreign to all other Iranian dialects.^[11]

After islamization of the area by invading Muslim Arabs, the Hadhabanis are recorded as inhabitants of the area, whom Arab geographers named al-’Akrād (الأکراد, Kurds). According to Vladimir Minorsky, Hadhbani Kurds have been named after Adiabene.^[12]

(For subsequent history, see Arbil; Kurdish people, Assyrian people, Kurdistan).

[edit] History

Under the Achamenid Persian kings Adiabene seems for a time to have been a vassal state of the Persian Empire. At times the throne of Adiabene was held by a member of the Achamenid house; Ardashir III (361-338 BC), before he came to the throne of Persia, had the title "King of Hadyab".^[13] The Ten Thousand, an army of Greek mercenaries, retreated through Adiabene on their march to the Black Sea after the Battle of Cunaxa. The little kingdom may have had a series of native rulers nominally vassal to the Macedonian and later Seleucid empires. It later became one of the client kingdoms of the Parthian empire. During the first century BC and the first century AD, it gained a certain prominence under a series of kings descended from Izates I and his son Monobaz I. Monobaz I is known ot have been allied with king Abennerig of Characene, in whose court his son Izates bar Monobaz lived for a time and whose daughter Symacho Izates married, as well as the rulers of other small kingdoms on the periphery of the Parthian sphere of influence.

Izates, the son of Monobaz I and his wife Helena of Adiabene, became a Jew. His conversion to Judaism took place before he ascended the throne and while he lived in Charax Spasinu. At about the same time his mother, Helena, was also converted. The period was characterized by chaos in the Parthian empire, with a string of Parthian kings and counter-kings following each other in quick succession. Artabanus II of Parthia was king of Atropatene. He had succeeded Vonones I, who, having been educated entirely at Rome, was unsympathetic toward the Parthians. Artabanus soon had to flee to Hyrcania to escape from the rival king, Tiridates III. He returned, however, in 36, and, being afraid of a conspiracy, took refuge at the court of Izates, who was powerful enough to induce the Parthians to reinstate Artabanus. For this service certain kingly honors were granted Izates, and the city of Nisibis was added to his dominions. However, around 40, Gotarzes II, an adopted son of Artabanus, was raised to the throne by the nobles, in preference to Vardanes I, his half-brother. In 49 Meherdates Mithridates, a son of Vonones, was sent from Rome by Claudius to take possession of the throne of Parthia. Izates played a double game, though he secretly sided with Gotarzes. A few years later, Vologeses I set out with the intention of invading Adiabene and of punishing Izates; but a force of Dacians and Scythians had just entered Parthia, and Vologeses had to return home.

Izates was followed on the throne by his elder brother, Monobaz II. It is related that in the year 61 he sent a contingent of soldiers to Armenia to assist the Parthian candidate, Tiridates, against Tigranes, who had made an incursion into the territory of Adiabene. The troops of Monobaz, however, were beaten back at Tigranocerta. Monobaz was present when peace was concluded at Rhandea between Parthia and Rome in the year 63. He later sent assistance to the Jews in their rebellion against Rome in the late 60's and early 70's AD.

The "Tomb of the Kings", built outside the walls of Jerusalem by Queen Helena in the mid first century AD. From a lithograph by William Henry Bartlett.

The chief opponent of Trajan in Mesopotamia during the year 115 was the last king of independent Adiabene, Meharaspes. He had made common cause with Ma'nu (Mannus) of Singar (Singara). Trajan invaded Adiabene, and made it part of the Roman province of Assyria; under Hadrian in 117,^[3] however, Rome gave up possession of Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Armenia.^{[citation needed]} In the summer of 195 Septimus Severus was again warring in Mesopotamia, and in 196 three divisions of the Roman army fell upon Adiabene. According to Dio Cassius, Caracalla took Arbela in the year 216, and searched all the graves there, wishing to ascertain whether the Arsacid kings were buried there. Many of the ancient royal tombs were destroyed.

[edit] As a province of Sassanid Persia

Despite the overthrow of the Parthians by the Sassanids, the feudatory dynasties remained royal to the Parthians, and resisted Sassanid advance into Adiabene and Atropatene. Due to this, and religious differences, Adiabene was never regarded as an integral part of Iran, even though the Sassanids controlled it for several centuries. After the Roman empire declared Christianity its official religion, the inhabitants of Adiabene, who were Christians, sided with Christian Rome rather than the Zoroastrian Sassanids. The Byzantine empire sent many armies to the region during the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, but this did nothing to change the territorial boundaries. Adiabene remained a provinces of the Sassanid Empire until the Islamic conquests of Persia.^[14]

[edit] Rulers of Adiabene

1. Izates I (c. 15 AD)
2. Bazeus Monobazus I (20?–30?)
3. Heleni (c. 30–58)
4. Izates II bar Monobazus (c. 34–58)
5. Vologases (a Parthian rebel opposing Izates II) (c. 50)
6. Monobazus II bar Monobazus (58 – middle of the 70s)
7. Meharaspes (?–116)
8. To the Roman Empire (116–117)
9. Narsai (c. 170–200)
10. unknown (200 – c. 310)
11. Aphraates (c. 310)
12. To the Sassanid Empire (226–649)

[edit] Bishops of Adiabene

1. Pkidha (104–114)
2. Semsoun (120–123)
3. Isaac (135–148)
4. Abraham (148–163)
5. Noh (163–179)
6. Habel (183–190)
7. Abedhmiha (190–225)
8. Hiran of Adiabene (225–258)
9. Saloupha (258–273)
10. Ahadabuhi (273–291)
11. Sri'a (291–317)
12. Iohannon (317–346)
13. Abraham (346–347)
14. Maran-zkha (347–376)
15. Soubhaliso (376–407)
16. Daniel (407–431)
17. Rhima (431–450)
18. Abbousta (450–499)
19. Joseph (499–511)
20. Huana (511–?)

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

• Brauer, E., The Jews of Kurdistan, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1993.
• Solomon Grayzel, A History of the Jews ,New York: Mentor, 1968.
• Gottheil, Richard. "Adiabene". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906.; which cites:

• Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xx. 2, § 4;

• idem, Wars of the Jews. ii. 19, § 2; iv. 9, § 11; v. 2, § 2; 3, § 3; 4, § 2; 6, § 1, noting that Josephus probably got his information from Adiabene Jews in Jerusalem (Von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, iii. 4).

• Pliny the Elder, Historia Naturalis, v. 66, vi. 44 et seq.
• Ammianus, History, xviii. 7, § 1; xxiii. 6, § 21
• Strabo, Geography, xvi. 745 et seq.
• Brüll, Adiabene, in Jahrbuch i. 58 et seq.
• Grätz, Heinrich, in Monatsschrift, 1877, xxvi. 241 et seq., 289 et seq.
• Von Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans, pp. 140 et seq.
• Schürer, Gesch. ii. 562.

[edit] External links

• Adiabene Was Assyrian, Not Kurdish
• Bishops of Adiabene
• History of Aramaic (includes references to Adiabene)
• University of Chicago
• Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia
• History of Christianity in Iran
• The forced conversion of the Jewish community of Persia and the beginnings of the Kurds
• The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East, American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 69, 1095-1112, 2001.
• The history of Judaism in Kurdistan.
• Josephus' Antiquities book 20 chapter 2: HOW HELENA THE QUEEN OF ADIABENE AND HER SON IZATES, EMBRACED THE JEWISH RELIGION
• "Assyria" at Livius.org
• "Arbela" at Livius.org
• Adiabene, Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia (different page see above)
• Info from Jewish Encyclopedia

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