Activities prohibited on Shabbat

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Main article: Shabbat
See also: Shomer Shabbat

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The commandment to keep Shabbat as a day of rest is repeated many times in the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. (See for example Exodus 31:12-17 quoted below.) The commandment is usually expressed in English in terms of refraining from the doing of work on Shabbat, but the Hebrew term used in the Bible is melachah (מְלָאכָה - plural melachot), which has a slightly different connotation.

Jewish law (halacha), especially the Talmud Tractate Shabbat (Ch7, Mishna 2), identifies 39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat (or 39 melachot, or lamed tet avot melachot), and clarifies many questions surrounding the application of the biblical prohibitions. Many rabbinical scholars have pointed out that these regulations of labor have something in common - they prohibit any activity that is creative, or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.

These activities are, with some exceptions, also prohibited on the Jewish holidays listed in the Torah.

[edit] The Commandment

The commandment to keep Shabbat as a day of rest is repeated many times in the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. Its importance is also stressed in Exodus 31:12-17:

God told Moses to speak to the Israelites and say to them: You must still keep my sabbaths. It is a sign between me and you for all generations, to make you realize that I, God, am making you holy. Keep the Sabbath as something sacred to you. Anyone doing work (melakhah - מְלָאכָה) shall be cut off spiritually from his people, and therefore, anyone violating it shall be put to death. Do your work (melakhah) during the six week days, but keep Saturday as a Sabbath of sabbaths, holy to God. Whoever does any work (melakhah) on Saturday shall be put to death. The Israelites shall thus keep the Sabbath, making it a day of rest for all generations, as an eternal covenant. It is a sign between me and the Israelites that during the six weekdays God made heaven and earth, but on Saturday, he ceased working and rested.

[edit] Meaning of "work"

Though melakhah is usually translated as "work" in English, the term does not correspond to the English definition of the term. But the Rabbis in ancient times still had to consider what, in practical terms, the term meant and what exactly was it that was prohibited to be done on the Sabbath.

The Rabbis noted Genesis 2:1-3:

Heaven and earth, and all their components, were completed. With the seventh day, God finished all the work (melakhah) that He had done. He ceased on the seventh day from all the work (melakhah) that he had been doing. God blessed the seventh day, and he declared it to be holy, for it was on this day that God ceased from all the work (melakhah) that he had been creating to function.

Specifically, the Rabbis noted that the same term melakhah ("work") was used in both places, and that what God was "ceasing from" was "creating".

The Rabbis noted further the symmetry between Genesis 2:1-3 and Exodus 31. The first part of Exodus ch 31(Exodus 31:1-11) provides detailed instructions for the construction of the Tabernacle. Then immediately following these instructions, God reminds Moses about the importance of the Jewish Sabbath, quoted above. The Rabbis note that in the provisions relating to the Tabernacle the word melakhah is also used. The word is usually translated as "workmanship", which has a strong element of "creation" or "creativity".

From these common words (in the Hebrew original) and the juxtaposition of subject matter the rabbis of the Mishna derive a meaning as to which activities are prohibited to be done on the Sabbath day.

Genesis 2 is not pushed aside by the commandments to construct the Tabernacle. The classical rabbinical definition of what constitutes "work" or "activity" that must not be done, on pain of death (when there was a Sanhedrin), is depicted by the 39 categories of activity needed for the construction and use of the Tabernacle.

[edit] What are they?

The 39 melachot are not so much activities as categories of activity. For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain, it refers in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish. (Gefilte fish is a traditional Ashkenazi solution to this problem.)

Many rabbinical scholars have pointed out that these regulations of labor have something in common - they prohibit any activity that is creative, or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.

[edit] Groups

The 39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat can be divided into four groups.

  • The first 11 categories are activities required to bake bread (סידורא דפת).
  • The next 13 categories are activities required to make a garment (סידורא דבגד).
  • The next 9 categories are activities required to make leather.
  • The final 6 categories are activities required to build a house.

[edit] The 39 activities

The 39 activities are based on the Mishna Shabbat 7:2.

[edit] Planting

Hebrew: זורע

Just as planting is to cause the plant to grow, so to all activities that promote plant growth is included in this category. This includes watering, fertilizing, planting seeds, or planting grown plants.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:2, 21:5; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 336; Chayei Adam Shabbos 11

[edit] Plowing

Plowing.
Plowing.

Hebrew: חורש Included in this prohibition is any preparation or improvement of land for agricultural use.

The Mishna (Shabbat 7:2) lists plowing after planting, although one must plow a field before planting. The Gemara asks why this order occurs and answers that the author of this Mishna was a Tanna living in Israel, where the ground is hard. Since the ground is so hard in Israel, it needed to be plowed both before planting and after planting. The Mishna lists plowing second, teaching that the second plowing (after planting) is [also] prohibited. (The plowing before the planting is also prohibited, if not by the Torah, certainly Rabbincally). The Rambam lists plowing first, and planting second.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 7:3, 8:1, 21:2-4; Chayei Adam Shabbos 10

[edit] Reaping

Hebrew: קוצר Removing all or part of a plant from its source of growth is reaping.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:3-5, 21:6-10;Chayei Adam Shabbos 12

[edit] Binding sheaves

Hebrew: מעמר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:5, 21:11; Chayei Adam Shabbos 13

[edit] Threshing

Threshing
Threshing

Hebrew: דש

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:7-10, 21:12-16;Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 319-321; Chayei Adam Shabbos 14

[edit] Winnowing

Hebrew: זורה

See further: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 219:7; Chayei Adam Shabbos 15

[edit] Selecting

Hebrew: בורר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:11-13, 21:17; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 319; Chayei Adam Shabbos 16 This is one of the most complicated melachot. Many of its details are excepted, if the thing being sorted is going to be used immediately after the sorting.

[edit] Grinding

Hebrew: טוחן

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:15, 21:18-31; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321; Chayei Adam Shabbos 17

[edit] Sifting

Hebrew: מרקד

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:14, 21:32; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 324; Chayei Adam Shabbos 18

[edit] Kneading

Hebrew: לש

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 8:16, 21:33-36; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321,324; Chayei Adam Shabbos 19

[edit] Baking

Hebrew: אופה Baking, cooking, frying, or any method of applying heat to food to prepare for eating is included in this prohibition.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 22:1-10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 318; Chayei Adam Shabbos 22

[edit] Shearing wool

Hebrew: גוזז צמר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:179, 22:13-14; Chayei Adam Shabbos 21

[edit] Washing wool

Hebrew: מלבנו

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 0:10-11 22:15-20; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 301-302; Chayei Adam Shabbos 22

[edit] Beating wool

Hebrew: מנפצו

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:12; Chayei Adam Shabbos 23

[edit] Dyeing

Hebrew: צובע

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 9:13-14, 22:23; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 320; Chayei Adam Shabbos 24

A spinning wheel
A spinning wheel

[edit] Spinning

Hebrew: טווה

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 15; Chayei Adam Shabbos 25

[edit] Weaving

Hebrew: מיסך

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25

[edit] Making two loops

Hebrew: עושה שני בתי נירין

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25

[edit] Weaving at least two threads

Hebrew: אורג שני חוטין

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25

[edit] Separating two threads

Hebrew: פוצע שני חוטין

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 25

An overhand bend knot.
An overhand bend knot.

[edit] Tying

Hebrew: קושר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:1-6; Chayei Adam Shabbos 26

[edit] Untying

Hebrew: מתיר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:1-6; Chayei Adam Shabbos 27

Sewing.
Sewing.

[edit] Sewing at least two stitches

Hebrew: תופר שתי תפירות

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:9, 11; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 28

[edit] Tearing for the purpose of sewing

Hebrew: קורע על מנת לתפור שתי תפירות

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 29

[edit] Trapping

Hebrew: צד צבי

The Mishna does not just write "trapping"; rather, the Mishna says "trapping deer." According to at least one interpretation,[citation needed] this teaches that to violate the Torah's prohibition of Trapping, two conditions must be met.

  1. The animal being trapped must be a wild animal. This means that one may put a pet in a cage.
  2. The "trapping" action must seriously confine the animal. For example, closing the gate to a large yard on Shabbat cannot be trapping, even if there is a wild animal in the yard.

This creates questions in practical Halakha such as: "May one trap a fly under a cup on Shabbat?" The Meno Netziv says that an animal that is not normally trapped (e.g. a fly, a bee, or a lizard) is not covered under the Torah prohibition of trapping. It is however, a Rabbinic prohibition, so one is not allowed to trap the animal. However, if one is afraid of the animal, one may trap it.

Laying traps violates a Rabbinic prohibition.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:15; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 317; Chayei Adam Shabbos 30

Slaughtering and flaying.
Slaughtering and flaying.

[edit] Slaughtering

Hebrew: שוחט

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:1-4; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 316; Chayei Adam Shabbos 31

[edit] Flaying

Hebrew: מפשט

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:5-6, 22:1-10; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 327; Chayei Adam Shabbos 32

[edit] Salting meat

Hebrew: מולח

The list of activities in the Mishna includes salting hides and curing as separate categories of activity; the Gemara (Tractate Shabbat 75b) amends this to consider them the same activity and to include "tracing lines", also involved in the production of leather, as the 39th category of activity. [1]

See further: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 321, 327; Chayei Adam Shabbos 33

[edit] Curing hide

Hebrew: מעבד

The list of activities in the Mishna includes salting hides and curing as separate categories of activity; the Gemara (Tractate Shabbat 75b) amends this to consider them the same activity and to include "tracing lines", also involved in the production of leather, as the 39th category of activity. [2]

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 32-33

[edit] Scraping hide

Hebrew: ממחק

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 34-35

[edit] Cutting hide into pieces

Hebrew: מחתך

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:7; Chayei Adam Shabbos 36

[edit] Writing two or more letters

Hebrew: כותב שתי אותות

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:9-17, 23:12-19; Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 340; Chayei Adam Shabbos 36

[edit] Erasing

Erasing in order to write two or more letters. Hebrew: מוחק על מנת לכתוב שתי אותות

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 11:17; Chayei Adam Shabbos 38

[edit] Building

Hebrew: בונה

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:12-14 22:25-33; Chayei Adam Shabbos 39-44

Building was the action of actually joining the different pieces together to make the mishcan. Inserting the handle of an axe into the socket is a derived form this Melacha. It is held by some that the act of Halakhic "building" is not actually performed (and therefore, the prohibition not violated) if the construction is not completed. From this, some authorities derive that it is prohibited to use electricity since, by turning on a switch, a circuit is completed and thus "built." (See "igniting a fire" below.)

[edit] Tearing something down

Hebrew: סותר

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:15; Chayei Adam Shabbos 39, 43

Extinguishing a fire
Extinguishing a fire

[edit] Extinguishing a fire

Hebrew: מכבה

While extinguishing a fire is forbidden even when great property damage will result, in the event of any life-threatening fire one is required to extinguish the flames.[1]

See further: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 334; Chayei Adam Shabbos 45

Lighting a fire.
Lighting a fire.

[edit] Igniting a fire

Hebrew: מבעיר

This includes making, transferring or adding fuel to a fire. (Note, however, that transferring fire is permitted on Jewish holidays. It is one of the exceptions to the rule that activities prohibited on Shabbat are likewise prohibited on Yom Tov.) This is one of the few Shabbat prohibitions mentioned explicitly in the Torah Exodus 35:3. Many poskim ground their prohibition of operating electrical appliances in this melacha.

Note that Judaism requires that at least one light (ordinarily candle or oil) be lit in honor of Shabbat immediately before its start.

This prohibition also was (and in many circles, still is) commonly understood to disallow operating electrical switches. When actuating electromechanical switches that carry a live current, there is always the possibility that a small electric spark will be generated. This spark is classified as a kind of fire. However, as science became more advanced, and the properties of fire and electricity became better understood, this reasoning broke down: fire is a chemical reaction involving the release of energy; the flow of an electric current is a physical reaction. Therefore, some hold that the proper reason it is forbidden to complete electric circuits is because it involves construction or building (i.e., the building and completion of an electric circuit -- see above). Some Conservative authorities, on the other hand, reject these arguments and permit the use of electricity.[2][3][4]

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 12:1; Chayei Adam Shabbos 46

Using a stapler on Shabbat entails "applying the finishing touch"
Using a stapler on Shabbat entails "applying the finishing touch"

[edit] Applying the finishing touch

Hebrew: מכה בפטיש (literally, striking with a hammer).

This melacha refers to an act of completing an object and bringing it into its final useful form. For example, if the pages of a newspaper were poorly separated, slicing them open would constitute "applying the finishing touch". Ribiat, infra. Using a stapler involves transgressing "applying the finishing touch" in regard to the staple, which is brought into its final useful form by the act. Ribiat, infra.

See further: Mishneh Torah Shabbos 10:16-18, 23:4-9; Chayei Adam Shabbos 44

[edit] Transferring between domains

Hebrew: מוציא מרשות לרשות

Chapters 1 and 11 of Talmud tractate Shabbat deals with the melachah of transferring from one domain to another, commonly called "carrying". The tractate distinguishes four domains: private, public, semi-public and an exempt area. It holds that the transfer of an article from a private to a public domain is Biblically forbidden; transferring an article between a semi-public to a private or public domain is Rabbinically prohibited; transferring of an article between an exempt area and any other domain is permissible; carrying an article four amos (about 1.7 m) may be forbidden in a public or semi-public domain and permitted in a private domain or exempt area; and carrying inside a private domain or between private domains may be permissible (see Eruv). For these purposes "transferring" means "removing and depositing", so that carrying an article out of a domain and returning to the same domain with it does not constitute transferring. This may fall into the category of "wearing".

The definition of public and private domain is related to its relative amount of enclosures, not on strict ownership.

According to traditional Jewish commentators,[5] this category of melachah (work) is mentioned in Exodus 16:29:

"Let no man leave (go out) his place on the seventh day"

Likewise according to the Talmud,[6] the account of the man who was executed for gathering wood in Numbers 15:32 was because he violated this prohibition.

Also, Jeremiah explicitly mentions this prohibition.Jeremiah 17:21-22

See further: Chayei Adam Shabbos 47-56. See also: Eruv for carrying.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 334
  2. ^ Neulander, Arthur. "The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 14 (1950) 165-171
  3. ^ Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; and Friedman, Theodore. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly 14 (1950), 112-137
  4. ^ Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.
  5. ^ See Rashi and Ibn Ezra on the Torah. Talmud Eruvin 17b
  6. ^ Talmud Shabbos 96b

[edit] See also

[edit] Bibliography

Ribiat, Rabbi Dovid (1999). ספר ל״ט מלאכות The 39 Melochos. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 1-58330-368-5. 

[edit] External links


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