Action theory
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Action theory is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing intentional (wilful) human bodily movements of more or less complex kind. This area of thought has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book). Increasingly, considerations of action theory have been taken up by scholars in the social sciences. With the advent of psychology and later neuroscience, many theories of action are now subject to empirical testing.
Basic action theory typically describes action as behaviour caused by an agent in a particular situation. The agent's desires and beliefs (e.g. my wanting a glass of water and believing the clear liquid in the cup in front of me is water) lead to bodily behavior (e.g. reaching over for the glass). In the simple theory (see Donald Davidson), the desire and belief jointly cause the action. Michael Bratman has raised problems for such a view and argued that we should take the concept of intention as basic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires.
In some theories a desire plus a belief about the means of satisfying that desire are always what is behind an action. Agents aim, in acting, to maximize the satisfaction of their desires. Such a theory of prospective rationality underlies much of economics and other social sciences within the more sophisticated framework of Rational Choice. However, many theories of action argue that rationality extends far beyond calculating the best means to achieve ones ends. For instance, a belief that I ought to do X, in some theories, can directly cause me to do X without my having to want to do X (i.e. have a desire to do X). Rationality, in such theories, also involves responding correctly to the reasons an agent perceives, not just acting on his wants.
While action theorists generally employ the language of causality in their theories of what the nature of action is, the issue of what causal determination comes to has been central to controversies about the nature of free will.
Conceptual discussions also revolve around a precise definition of action in philosophy. Scholars may disagree on which bodily movements fall under this category, e.g. whether thinking should be analysed as action, and how complex actions involving several steps to be taken and diverse intended consequences are to be summarised or decomposed.
[edit] Scholars of action theory
| What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm? Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations §621 |
- G. E. M. Anscombe
- Jonathan Bennett
- Michael Bratman
- August Cieszkowski
- Donald Davidson
- Fred Dretske
- Harry Frankfurt
- Jürgen Habermas
- Rosalind Hursthouse
- David Hume
- Jennifer Hornsby
- Robert Kane
- Anthony Kenny
- Hans Joas
- Alfred R. Mele
- Joseph Raz
- John Searle
- Charles Taylor
- Richard Taylor
- Georg Henrik von Wright
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Max Weber
[edit] References
- Action entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Mele, Alfred (ed.): The Philosophy of Action, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997
