Act of Independence of Lithuania

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Facsimile of the Act of February 16
Facsimile of the Act of February 16

The Act of Independence of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Aktas) or Act of February 16 was signed by the Council of Lithuania on February 16, 1918, proclaiming the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania, governed by democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital. The Act was signed by all twenty representatives, chaired by Jonas Basanavičius. The Act of February 16 was the end result of a series of resolutions on the issue, including one issued by the Vilnius Conference and the Act of January 8. The path to the Act was long and complex because the German Empire exerted pressure on the Council to form an alliance. The Council had to carefully maneuver between the Germans, whose troops were present in Lithuania, and the demands of the Lithuanian people.

The immediate effects of the announcement of Lithuania's re-establishment of independence were limited. Publication of the Act was prohibited by the German authorities, and the text was distributed and printed illegally. The work of the Council was hindered, and Germans remained in control over Lithuania.[1] The situation changed only when Germany lost World War I in the fall of 1918. In November 1918 the first Cabinet of Lithuania was formed, and the Council of Lithuania gained control over the territory of Lithuania.[2] Independent Lithuania, although it would soon be battling the Wars of Independence, became a reality.

While the Act's original document has been lost, its legacy continues. The laconic Act is the legal basis for the existence of modern Lithuania, both during the interwar period and since 1990.[3] The Act formulated the basic constitutional principles that were and still are followed by all Constitutions of Lithuania. The Act itself was a key element in the foundation of Lithuania's re-establishment of independence in 1990.[4] Lithuania, breaking away from the Soviet Union, stressed that it was simply re-establishing the independent state that existed between the world wars and that the Act never lost its legal power.[5]

Contents

[edit] Historic background and Council of Lithuania

Main article: Council of Lithuania
The original 20 members of the Council of Lithuania after signing the Act of February 16, 1918
The original 20 members of the Council of Lithuania after signing the Act of February 16, 1918

After the last Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire.[6] During the 19th century, both the Lithuanians and the Poles attempted to restore their independence. They rebelled during the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863, but the first realistic opportunity came when both Russia and Germany were weakened during World War I.

In 1915, Germany occupied western parts of the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Germany conceived the geopolitical strategy of Mitteleuropa – a regional network of puppet states that would serve as a buffer zone – and agreed to allow the Vilnius Conference, hoping that it would proclaim that the Lithuanian nation wanted to detach itself from Russia and establish a closer relationship with Germany.[1] However, this strategy backfired; the conference, held from September 18–22 of 1917, adopted a resolution that an independent Lithuania should be established and that a closer relationship with Germany would be conditional on Germany's formal recognition of the new state.[7] On September 21, the 214 attendees at the conference elected a 20-member Council of Lithuania to codify this resolution.[8] The German authorities did not allow that resolution to be published, but they did permit the Council to proceed.[1] The Vilnius Conference also resolved that a constituent assembly be elected by popular vote as soon as possible.

[edit] Path to the Act of February 16

[edit] Act of December 11

The Act of December 11 was the second stage in the progression towards the final Act of Independence. The first draft, demanded by chancellor Georg von Hertling, was prepared by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs on December 1.[9] Further changes were jointly prepared by the German chancellery and by a delegation of the Council of Lithuania. The delegation's members were Antanas Smetona, Steponas Kairys, Vladas Mironas, Jurgis Šaulys, Petras Klimas and Aleksandras Stulginskis.[10] After discussion amongst the parties, a compromise was reached on the document's text. The German representative, Kurt von Lersner, insisted that not one letter be changed in the agreed-upon text and that all the Council members sign the document.[10]

After the delegation returned to Vilnius, a session of the Council was held on December 11 in order to discuss the Act. It was adopted without any further changes. Fifteen voted in favor of the Act, three voted against it, one member abstained, and one did not participate.[10] It is not entirely clear whether every member of the Council signed this document.[10] The Act was written in German, and apparently no official Lithuanian translation was prepared. Therefore different sources provide slightly different translations.[10] The Act of December 11 pronounced Lithuania's independence, but also asked German government for protection (clause 2) and called for "a firm and permanent alliance" with Germany.[7] Since the Act specified that the alliance was to be formed based on conventions concerning military affairs, transportation, customs, and currency, many Lithuanians argued that the Council had overstepped its authority: the September resolution adopted by the Vilnius Conference clearly demanded that a constituent assembly decide these crucial matters of state.[9]

[edit] Act of January 8

Jonas Basanavičius, the chairman of the Council when the Act of February 16 was signed
Jonas Basanavičius, the chairman of the Council when the Act of February 16 was signed

When peace talks started between Germany and Russia in 1918, German authorities asked the Lithuanian representatives to prepare two notifications of independence — one for Russia, in which Lithuania's ties with Russia would be denounced and nothing would be mentioned about an alliance with Germany, and a version to be released in Germany that would essentially repeat the Act of December 11.[10] The Council decided to amend the first part of the Act of December 11. Petras Klimas included a sentence calling for the Constituent Assembly.[11] Another important development was the statement that democratic principles would be the basis of the new state's governance,[10] something that was declared by the Vilnius Conference, but omitted in the Act of December 11.[12] The second part, mentioning the "firm and permanent alliance with Germany", was completely omitted.[11] Its final version was approved on January 8, 1918, the day that U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announced his Fourteen Points. In its essence, the Act of January 8 did not differ from the Act of February 16.[12]

However, Ober Ost, the German military administration, rejected the changes. On January 26, in compliance with the earlier request, the two versions of the notification were approved, but they did not include the changes of January 8.[11] The texts were prepared based on the Act of December 11. These concessions to the Germans created tensions among the Council members.[13] Four members – Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, Stanislovas Narutavičius and Jonas Vileišis – resigned from the Council in protest.[9] The chairman of the Council, Antanas Smetona, who supported the Act of December 11, stepped down.[12] Jonas Basanavičius, who would later be called the patriarch of independence, was elected as the chairman.[14]

[edit] Act of February 16

Germany failed to recognize Lithuania as an independent state, and the Lithuanian delegation was not invited to the Brest-Litovsk negotiations that started on December 22, 1917 between the Central Powers and Russia in order to settle territorial claims.[13] During the first and final official joint session between the Council and the German authorities, it was made it clear that the Council would serve only as an advisory board.[11] This situation gave additional backing to those Council members who were seeking independence without any ties to other countries. The prime concern at this point was to invite back those members who had left the Council. Negotiations were undertaken that led to the reformulation of previous versions of the Act.

The four withdrawn members demanded that the Council return to the Act of January 8 and omit the mention of any alliance with Germany.[10] After heated debates that lasted for several weeks, on February 15, at 10 o'clock AM, the new revision of the Act was ready. It included, with minor stylistic changes, wording of the Act of January 8 and promulgation and notification, drafted on February 1. Promulgation and notification do not carry legal weight and do not change the meaning of a legal document.[10] The Council, including the withdrawn members, was invited to return the next day for its finalization. On the next day, February 16, 1918, at 12:30 PM, all twenty Council members met in the room of Lithuanian Committee for Support of the War Victims, at 30 Didžioji Street in Vilnius.[11] The building has since been known as House of the Signatories (Lithuanian: signatarų namai) and houses a museum. The Council first voted to approve the first part, the first two paragraphs up to the word drauge, of the Act. This section was approved unanimously.[3] The second part, however, did not receive support from the four withdrawn members because they were not satisfied with the word "finally" in describing the duties of the Constituent Assembly (in "...the foundation of the Lithuanian State and its relations with other countries will be finally determined by the Constituent Assembly...").[3] They were afraid that this word would give a pretext for the Council to usurp the powers of the Constituent Assembly, while the majority argued that the word simply expressed the non-negotiable and non-appealable nature of the future Assembly's decisions.[10] Therefore the Act was unanimously approved en bloc but did not have full-fledged support from all twenty men.[3]

[edit] Final text of the Act

Line Original text[15] English translation[16]
1
NUTARIMAS
RESOLUTION
2 Lietuvos Taryba savo posėdyje vasario 16 d. 1918 m. vienu balsu nu- The Council of Lithuania in its session of February 16, 1918 decided unanimously
3 tarė kreiptis: į Rusijos, Vokietijos ir kitų valstybių vyriausybės šiuo to address the governments of Russia, Germany, and other states with the following
4 pareiškimu: declaration:
5 Lietuvos Taryba, kaipo vienintelė lietuvių tautos atstovybė, remdamos The Council of Lithuania, as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation, based on
6 pripažintaja tautų apsisprendimo teise ir lietuvių Vilniaus konferencijos the recognized right to national self-determination, and on the Vilnius Conference's
7 nutarimu rugsėjo mėn. 18–23 d. 1917 metais, skelbia atstatanti nepriklau- resolution of September 18–23, 1917, proclaims the restoration of the independent
8 somą demokratiniais pamatais sutvarkytą Lietuvos valstybę su sostine state of Lithuania, founded on democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital,
9 Vilniuje ir tą valstybę atskirianti nuo visų valstybinių ryšių, kurie and declares the termination of all state ties which formerly
10 yra buvę su kitomis tautomis. bound this State to other nations.
11 Drauge Lietuvos Taryba pareiškia, kad Lietuvos valstybės pama- The Council of Lithuania also declares that the foundation of the Lithuanian State and
12 tus ir jos santykius su kitomis valstybėmis privalo galutinai nustatyti its relations with other countries will be finally determined by the
13 kiek galima graičiau sušauktas steigiamasis seimas, demokratiniu budu Constituent Assembly, to be convoked as soon as possible, elected democratically
14 visų jos gyventojų išrinktas. by all its inhabitants.
15 Lietuvos Taryba pranešdama apie tai ..................... The Council of Lithuania by informing the Government of ..................... to this effect
16 vyriausybei, prašo pripažinti nepriklausomą Lietuvos valstybę. requests the recognition of the Independent State of Lithuania.
 
17 Dr. Jonas Basanavičius Dr. Jonas Basanavičius
18 Saliamonas Banaitis Saliamonas Banaitis
19 Mykolas Biržiška Mykolas Biržiška
20 Vilniuje, vasario 16 d. 1918 m. Kazys Bizauskas In Vilnius, February 16, 1918 Kazys Bizauskas
21 Pranas Dovydaitis Pranas Dovydaitis
22 Jurgis Šaulys Steponas Kairys Jurgis Šaulys Steponas Kairys
23 Jokūbas Šernas Petras Klimas Jokūbas Šernas Petras Klimas
24 Antanas Smetona Donatas Malinauskas Antanas Smetona Donatas Malinauskas
25 Jonas Smilgevičius Vladas Mironas Jonas Smilgevičius Vladas Mironas
26 Justinas Staugaitis Stanislovas Narutavičius Justinas Staugaitis Stanislovas Narutavičius
27 Aleksandras Stulginskis Alfonsas Petrulis Aleksandras Stulginskis Alfonsas Petrulis
28 Jonas Vailokaitis Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys Jonas Vailokaitis Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys
29 Jonas Vileišis Jonas Vileišis

[edit] Path to the Act: graphic representation

Note: the colors of the functional sections correspond to the colored lines in the original text above.

  Part I      
Resolution of Vilnius Conference
September 18–22, 1917		  
Part II  
 
 
    Part I  
Act of December 11, 1917    
  Part II  
   
   
Edited in session Edited by Petras Klimas
       
   
Act of January 8, 1918 Disposition Clause
   
Edited by Steponas Kairys, Stanislovas Narutavičius, Jonas Vileišis
         
       
Draft of February 1, 1918 Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification
       
Edited by the Council and four withdrawn members
       
Draft of February 15, 1918 Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification
       
Edited by Petras Klimas          
     
         
Act of Independence of Lithuania
Act of February 16, 1918		 Promulgation Disposition Clause Notification Eschatocol
 
Source: Klimavičius, Raimundas (2004-02-17). "Vasario 16-osios aktas: teksto formavimo šaltiniai ir autorystės problema". History. A Collection of Lithuanian Universities' Research Papers (59–60): 65. Vilnius Pedagogical University. 

[edit] Aftermath

[edit] Lithuania

The front page of Lietuvos aidas with the text of the Act. The bulk of the issue was confiscated by German authorities.
The front page of Lietuvos aidas with the text of the Act. The bulk of the issue was confiscated by German authorities.

Soon after the signing, the Act was taken to Germany and handed to parties in the Reichstag. On February 18, the text was reprinted in German newspapers, including Das Neue Litauen, Vossische Zeitung, Taegliche Rundschau and Kreuzzeitung.[1] In Lithuania a text of the proclamation was prepared for printing in newspapers, particularly in Lietuvos aidas, the Council's newspaper established by Antanas Smetona; but the German authorities prohibited this publication.[17] Although the majority of the copies of the issue were confiscated, the newspaper's editor, Petras Klimas, managed to hide about 60 of them.[11] This censorship meant that the distribution and dissemination of the Act was illegal in Lithuania.

On March 3, 1918, Germany and the now-Bolshevik Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It declared that the Baltic nations were in the German interest zone and that Russia renounced any claims to them. On March 23, Germany recognized independent Lithuania on the basis of the December 11 declaration.[1] However, in substance, nothing had changed either in Lithuania or in the Council's status: any efforts to establish an administration were hindered.[13] This situation changed when the German Revolution started and Germany lost the war in the fall of 1918 – it was no longer in a position to dictate terms. The Council of Lithuania adopted the first provisional constitution on November 2. The functions of government were entrusted to a three-member presidium, and Augustinas Voldemaras was invited to form the first Cabinet of Ministers of Lithuania.[9] The first government was formed on November 11, 1918, on the day that Germany signed the armistice in Compiègne. The Council immediately began to organize an army, police, municipalities, and other institutions. The proclaimed independence was established.

[edit] The Act

Two copies of the Act were signed: the original and a duplicate. The original was given to Jonas Basanavičius to safeguard and protect. The original was never published or used in any public matters; its existence was first mentioned in the press in 1933.[18] The whereabouts of the original remain unknown. The duplicate was used in day-to-day business, and was stored in the president's archives until June 15, 1940, the day when Lithuania lost its independence and was occupied by the Soviets.[18] After that date the document disappeared. Neither the original or the duplicate has been located; historians and adventurers continue to hunt for it. In 2006, a team of engineers searched the walls of the former house of Petras Vileišis.[19] Two facsimiles of the duplicate were produced, one in 1928 and the other in 1933. The 1928 facsimile is a closer reproduction of the Act in its original state; there are spelling errors, and the background is visually "noisy", while the 1933 facsimile shows the Act in an "improved" condition.[18]

[edit] The signatories

Most of the signatories of the Act remained active in the cultural and political life of independent Lithuania. Jonas Vileišis served in the Seimas and as mayor of Kaunas;[20] Saliamonas Banaitis was involved in finance, opening several banks.[21] Among the signatories were two future Presidents of Lithuania, Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis. Jonas Basanavičius, chairman of the Council of Lithuania, returned to an academic life, pursuing his research in Lithuanian culture and folklore.[22] Five signatories died before World War II started; three perished during the Nazi occupation. Those who did not emigrate to Western countries became political prisoners after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union.[23]

Aleksandras Stulginskis and Petras Klimas were sent to prison in Siberia by Soviet authorities, but survived and returned to Lithuania;[24] Pranas Dovydaitis and Vladas Mironas were also sent to Siberia but died there.[25][26] Kazys Bizauskas disappeared during the summer of 1941 while being transported to a Soviet prison in Minsk; he is presumed to have been shot along with a number of other prisoners.[27] Donatas Malinauskas also disappeared during the mass deportations to Siberia that occurred in Lithuania on June 14, 1941; his fate and his burial site have never been determined.[28]

Several of the signatories went into exile, including Jurgis Šaulys and Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys, who died in Switzerland.[29][30] Antanas Smetona, Mykolas Biržiška and Steponas Kairys found their final resting places in the United States.[31][32][33]

[edit] Legacy

The House of the Signatories on February 16, 2007
The House of the Signatories on February 16, 2007

The Act of February 16 proclaimed the re-establishment (atstatyti) of the Lithuanian state, making it the successor to the Lithuanian historical state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[34] In this respect the Council deviated from the resolution adopted by the Vilnius Conference which called for establishment (sudaryti) of a Lithuanian state.[3] However, it was made clear that the new state would be quite different from the old Duchy: it was to be organized only in ethnic Lithuanian lands and was to be governed by democratic principles,[3] as opposed to the multi-ethnic Duchy that had been ruled by aristocracy. The termination of the ties binding Lithuania to other states was addressed to Germany, Russia, and Poland, all of which had their own plans for the country.[34][7] Even though not addressed directly, the Act renounced any attempt to resurrect the former Polish-Lithuanian union.[11]

The Act of February 16, 1918, is the legal basis for the existence of present-day Lithuania, both during the interwar period and since 1990.[3] The Act became one of the key elements during the restoration of Lithuania's independence from the Soviet Union in 1990.[35][5] A paragraph in the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, delivered on March 11, 1990, stated:[5]

“ The Act of Independence of 16 February 1918 of the Council of Lithuania and the Constituent Assembly (Seimas) decree of 15 May 1920 on the re-established democratic State of Lithuania never lost their legal effect and comprise the constitutional foundation of the State of Lithuania. ”

This formulation emphasized the continuity of the two legal Acts. The Act of February 16, 1918 and its successor, the Act of March 11, 1990, are regarded as two of the most important developments of Lithuanian society in the 20th century.[4]

February 16 in Lithuania is now an official holiday.[36] On this day various ceremonies are hosted all across Lithuania, but the main commemoration is held in the House of Signatories in Vilnius where the Act was signed in 1918. During this observance the Flag of Lithuania is hoisted, and Lithuanian cultural activists and politicians deliver speeches from its balcony to the people gathered below. Special masses in churches and cathedrals are also delivered. Honoring the Act's legacy, the President of Lithuania hosts a reception for the signatories of the Act of March 11, 1990, in the Presidential Palace.

In 1992, an award was established in honor of Jonas Basanavičius, who led the Council of Lithuania when the Act of February 16 was signed. The Jonas Basanavičius Prize is bestowed for distinguished work within the previous five years in the fields of ethnic and cultural studies.[37] The prize is awarded in the House of Signatories, in homage to its history.

[edit] See also

v • d • e
Signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania
twenty signatories of the Act of Independence


[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Council of Lithuania". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 581–585. LCC 74-114275. 
  2. ^ Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997). Lithuania: The Rebel Nation, Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress, 22–23. ISBN 0-8133-1839-4. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g (Lithuanian) Maksimaitis, Mindaugas (2005). Lietuvos valstybės konstitucijų istorija (XX a. pirmoji pusė). Vilnius: Justitia, 36–44. ISBN 9955-616-09-1. 
  4. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Tyla, Antanas (2005-03-06). "Vasario 16-osios Akto reikšmė lietuvių tautos politinei raidai". Voruta. ISSN 1392-0677. 
  5. ^ a b c Supreme Council - Reconstituent Seimas 1990–1992. Seimas (2002). Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  6. ^ Grenoble, Lenore (2003-07-31). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 104. ISBN 1402012985. 
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  8. ^ (Lithuanian) Jusaitis, Jonas (February 2002). "Kelio į Vasario 16-tąją pradžia ir vyriausybės sudarymas". Patriotas 2 (37). ISSN 1648-1232. 
  9. ^ a b c d Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys, Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). "Chapter 1: Restoration of the State", in Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis: Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940, Paperback, New York: St. Martin's Press, 24–31. ISBN 0-312-22458-3. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (Lithuanian) Klimavičius, Raimundas (2004-02-17). "Vasario 16-osios aktas: teksto formavimo šaltiniai ir autorystės problema". History. A Collection of Lithuanian Universities' Research Papers (59–60): 57–66. Vilnius Pedagogical University. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g (Lithuanian) Skirius, Juozas (2003). Lietuvos istorijos vadovėlis/Lietuvos nepriklausomybės akto paskelbimas. Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986921694. Retrieved on 2007-01-27. 
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  14. ^ (Lithuanian) Nezabitauskas, Adolfas (1990). Jonas Basanavičius. Vilnius: Vaga, 6. ISBN 5-415-00640-0. 
  15. ^ (Lithuanian) Nutarimas. Medieval Lithuania (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
  16. ^ Resolution. Medieval Lithuania (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
  17. ^ About Us. Lietuvos aidas (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
  18. ^ a b c (Lithuanian) 1918 m. vasario 16 d. Lietuvos nepriklausomybės akto pasirašymas. Naujausių laikų Lietuvos valstybingumo istorija. National Museum of Lithuania. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
  19. ^ (Lithuanian) Viltis rasti Vasario 16-osios akto originalą vis labiau blėsta. Lietuvos rytas (2006-02-13). Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
  20. ^ "Vileišis, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica VI. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 124–125. LCC 74-114275. 
  21. ^ "Banaitis, Saliamonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 282. LCC 74-114275. 
  22. ^ "Basanavičius, Jonas". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 307–310. LCC 74-114275. 
  23. ^ (Lithuanian) Jegelavičius, Sigitas (2005). Vasario 16-osios Akto signatarai. Lithuanian National Radio and Television. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  24. ^ "Klimas, Petras". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. (1970-1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 142-143. LCC 74-114275. 
  25. ^ "Dovydaitis, Pranas". Encyclopedia Lituanica II. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 101–103. LCC 74-114275. 
  26. ^ "Mironas, Vladas". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 545–546. LCC 74-114275. 
  27. ^ "Bizauskas, Kazimieras". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 372–373. LCC 74-114275. 
  28. ^ "Malinauskas, Donatas". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 459–460. LCC 74-114275. 
  29. ^ "Bizauskas, Kazimieras". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 372–373. LCC 74-114275. 
  30. ^ "Malinauskas, Donatas". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 459–460. LCC 74-114275. 
  31. ^ "Smetona, Antanas". Encyclopedia Lituanica V. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. 231–235. LCC 74-114275. 
  32. ^ "Biržiška, Mykolas". Encyclopedia Lituanica I. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. LCC 74-114275. 
  33. ^ "Steponas Kairys". Encyclopedia Lituanica III. (1970–1978). Ed. Simas Sužiedėlis. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. LCC 74-114275. 
  34. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Landsbergis, Vytautas (1998-02-16). Vasario 16-oji - modernios Lietuvos valstybės atkūrimo simbolis ir pamatas. Seimas. Retrieved on 2007-01-31.
  35. ^ Ziemele, Ineta (2002). Baltic Yearbook of International Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 9. ISBN 9041117369. 
  36. ^ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos švenčių dienų įstatymas, Žin., 1990, Nr. 31-757. Seimas (2001-05-24). Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  37. ^ (Lithuanian) J.Basanavičiaus premija šiemet skirta mokslo istorikui L.Klimkai. Delfi.lt and BNS (2005-11-21). Retrieved on 2007-02-07.