Acetylcarnitine
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Acetylcarnitine
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 3-acetyloxy-4-trimethylammonio-butanoate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | N06 |
| PubChem | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C9H17NO4 |
| Mol. mass | 203.236 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Acetyl-L-carnitine or ALCAR, is an acetylated form of L-carnitine. ALCAR has been claimed to be superior to normal L-carnitine in terms of bioavailability. However, at least one study has suggested that the acetylated form may have a lower oral bioavailability.[1]
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[edit] Chemical Derivation
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is L-Carnitine, acetylated.
L-carnitine is derived from the lysine and methionine amino acids.
[edit] Health Claims
It is claimed that ALCAR provides several benefits. Advocates of acetyl-L-carnitine market it as a life extension supplement. There may be some benefit in cases of end stage renal disease or peripheral arterial disease.[2] When supplemented alongside Lipoic acid, ALCAR appears to reverse some of the damage to mitochondria associated with aging.[3]
The percentage of L-carnitine that is absorbed when taken via oral supplementation is much lower than that from food sources. In one particular study, it was shown that approximately 20% of orally supplemented L-carnitine is absorbed, with a bioavailability of roughly 15%, as compared to a bioavailability of between 60% and 75% when absorbed from food.[4]
Choline supplementation may lead to increased L-carnitine retention.[4]
ALCAR supplementation has been shown to be neuroprotective in instances of cerebral ischemia,[5] periphiral nerve injury,[6] and to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in animals.[7]
ALCAR supplementation has also been shown to reverse syptoms associated with mental decline in the elderly.[8]
ALCAR is being researched in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[9]
[edit] Food Sources
- Animal brain[10]
[edit] References
- ^ Eder, K.; et Al. (2005). "Free and total carnitine concentrations in pig plasma after oral ingestion of various L-carnitine compounds". Int J Vitam Nutr Res 75 (1): 3–9.
- ^ Brass, Eric P.; William R. Hiatt (1998). "The Role of Carnitine and Carnitine Supplementation During Exercise in Man and in Individuals with Special Needs". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17 (3): 207–215. PMID 9627906.
- ^ Ames, B. N.; J. Liu (2005). "Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1033 (1): 108–16. PMID 15591008.
- ^ a b L-Carnitine. PRD Health. Thompson Healthcare. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.
- ^ Zanelli, Santina A.; Nina J. Solenski, Robert E. Rosenthal, and Gart Fiskum (2005). "Mechanisms of ischemic neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1053: 153–161.
- ^ Wilsona, Andrew; Andrew Harta, Thomas Brännströmf, Mikael Wiberga, and Giorgio Terenghi (2007). "Delayed acetyl-l-carnitine administration and its effect on sensory neuronal rescue after peripheral nerve injurystar, open". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60 (2).
- ^ Beal, Flint (2003). "Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease". Ann Neurol 53 (S3): S39–S48.
- ^ Salvioli, G; Neri, M (1994). "L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly". Drugs Exp Clin Res 20 (4): 169–76.
- ^ Hafiz, Mohmmad Abdul; Vittorio Calabrese, Menotti Calvani, and D. Allan Butterfield (2006). "Acetyl-L-carnitine-induced up-regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease". J Neurosci Res 84 (2): 398–408.
- ^ Acetyl L Carnitine by Designs For Health (DFH)
[edit] Other reviews
- Jane Higdon, "L-Carnitine", Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute
- "Carnitine (L-carnitine)", University of Maryland Medical Center
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