Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This table shows the abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage in weight.
Note that numbers are estimates, and they will vary depending on source and method of estimation. Order of magnitude of data can roughly be relied upon.
| Element | Chemical symbol |
[1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | annual production |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oxygen | O | 46.60% | 47.40% | 46% | 46.71% | 46.1% | 100,000,000 tons |
| silicon | Si | 27.72% | 27.71% | 27% | 27.69% | 28.2% | 3,880,000 tons
5000 tons electronic grade |
| aluminum | Al | 8.13% | 8.20% | 8.2% | 8.07% | 8.23% | 15,000,000 tons |
| iron | Fe | 5.00% | 4.10% | 6.3% | 5.05% | 5.63% | 716,000,000 tons |
| calcium | Ca | 3.63% | 4.10% | 5.0% | 3.65% | 4.15% | 112,000,000 tons (CaO) |
| sodium | Na | 2.83% | 2.30% | 2.30% | 2.75% | 2.36% | 200,000 tons |
| potassium | K | 2.59% | 2.10% | 1.50% | 2.58% | 2.09% | 200 tons |
| magnesium | Mg | 2.09% | 2.30% | 2.90% | 2.08% | 2.33% | 350,000 tons |
| titanium | Ti | 0.44% | 0.56% | 0.66% | 0.62% | 0.56% | 99,000 tons |
| hydrogen | H | 0.14% | N/A | 0.15% | 0.14% | 0.14% | |
| phosphorus | P | 0.12% | 1000 ppm | 1000 ppm | 1300 ppm | 1050 ppm | 153,000,000 tons |
| manganese | Mn | 0.10% | 950 ppm | 1100 ppm | 900 ppm | 950 ppm | 6,220,000 tons |
| fluorine | F | 0.08% | 950 ppm | 540 ppm | 290 ppm | 585 ppm | |
| barium | Ba | 500 ppm | 340 ppm | 500 ppm | 425 ppm | 6,000,000 tons | |
| carbon | C | 0.03% | 480 ppm
(0.048%) |
1800 ppm
(0.18%) |
940 ppm | 200 ppm
(0.020%) |
8,600,000,000 tons |
| strontium | Sr | 370 ppm | 360 ppm | 370 ppm | 137,000 tons | ||
| sulfur | S | 0.05% | 260 ppm | 420 ppm | 520 ppm | 350 ppm | 54,000,000 tons |
| zirconium | Zr | 190 ppm | 130 ppm | 250 ppm | 165 ppm | 7,000 tons | |
| tungsten | W | 160.6 ppm | 190 ppm | 1.25 ppm (?) | 45,100 tons | ||
| vanadium | V | 0.01% | 160 ppm | 190 ppm | 120 ppm | 7,000 tons | |
| chlorine | Cl | 0.05% | 130 ppm | 170 ppm | 450 ppm | 145 ppm | |
| chromium | Cr | 0.01% | 100 ppm | 140 ppm | 350 ppm | 102 ppm | 20,000 tons |
| rubidium | Rb | 0.03% | 90 ppm | 60 ppm | 90 ppm | for research purposes | |
| nickel | Ni | 80 ppm | 90 ppm | 190 ppm | 84 ppm | 1,300,000 tons | |
| zinc | Zn | trace | 75 ppm | 79 ppm | 70 ppm | 5,020,000 tons | |
| copper | Cu | 0.01% | 50 ppm | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 6,450,000 tons | |
| cerium | Ce | 68 ppm | 60 ppm | 66.5 ppm | 24,000 tons | ||
| neodymium | Nd | 38 ppm | 33 ppm | 41.5 ppm | 7,300 tons | ||
| lanthanum | La | 32 ppm | 34 ppm | 39 ppm | 12,500 tons | ||
| yttrium | Y | 30 ppm | 29 ppm | 33 ppm | 400 tons | ||
| nitrogen | N | 0.005% | 25 ppm | 20 ppm | 19 ppm | 44,000,000 tons | |
| cobalt | Co | trace | 20 ppm | 30 ppm | 25 ppm | 17,000 tons | |
| lithium | Li | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 39,000 tons | ||
| niobium | Nb | 20 ppm | 17 ppm | 20 ppm | 15,000 tons | ||
| gallium | Ga | 18 ppm | 19 ppm | 19 ppm | 30 tons | ||
| scandium | Sc | 16 ppm | 26 ppm | 22 ppm | 0.50 tons | ||
| lead | Pb | 14 ppm | 10 ppm | 14 ppm | 2,800,000 tones | ||
| samarium | Sm | 7.9 ppm | 6 ppm | 7,05 ppm | 700 tons | ||
| thorium | Th | 12 ppm | 6 ppm | 9.6 ppm | 31,000 tons | ||
| praseodymium | Pr | 9.5 ppm | 8.7 ppm | 9.2 ppm | 2400 tons | ||
| boron | B | trace | 950 ppm (?) | 8.7 ppm | 10 ppm | 1,000,000 tons | |
| gadolinium | Gd | 7.7 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 400 tons | ||
| dysprosium | Dy | 6 ppm | 6.2 ppm | 5.2 ppm | 100 tons | ||
| hafnium | Hf | 5.3 ppm | 3.3 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 50 tons | ||
| erbium | Er | 3.8 ppm | 3.0 ppm | 3.5 ppm | 500 tons | ||
| ytterbium | Yb | 3.3 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 3.2 ppm | 50 tons | ||
| caesium | Cs | 3 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 3 ppm | 20 tons | ||
| beryllium | Be | 2.6 ppm | 1.9 ppm | 2.8 ppm | 364 tons | ||
| tin | Sn | trace | 2.2 ppm | 2.2 ppm | 2.3 ppm | 165,000 tons | |
| europium | Eu | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 400 tons | ||
| uranium | U | N/A | 1.8 ppm | 2.7 ppm | |||
| tantalum | Ta | 2 ppm | 1.7 ppm | 2.0 ppm | 840 tons | ||
| germanium | Ge | 1.8 ppm | 1.4 ppm | 1.5 ppm | 80 tons | ||
| molybdenum | Mo | trace | 1.5 ppm | 1.1 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 80,000 tons | |
| arsenic | As | 1.5 ppm | 2.1 ppm | 1.8 ppm | 47,000 tons | ||
| holmium | Ho | 1.4 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 1.3 ppm | 10 tons | ||
| terbium | Tb | 1.1 ppm | 0.94 ppm | 1.2 ppm | 10 tons | ||
| thulium | Tm | 0.48 ppm | 0.45 ppm | 0.52 ppm | 50 tons | ||
| bromine | Br | 0.37 ppm | 3 ppm | 2.4 ppm | 330,000 tons | ||
| thallium | Tl | 0.6 ppm | 0.530 ppm | 0.850 ppm | 30 tons | ||
| antimony | Sb | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 ppm | 53,000 tons | ||
| iodine | I | trace | 0.14 ppm | 0.490 ppm | 0.450 ppm | 12,000 tons | |
| cadmium | Cd | 0.11 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 0.15 ppm | 13,900 tons | ||
| silver | Ag | 0.070 ppm | 0.080 ppm | 0.075 ppm | 9950 tons | ||
| mercury | Hg | 0.05 ppm | 0.067 ppm | 0.085 ppm | 8400 tons | ||
| selenium | Se | trace | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 0.05 ppm | 600 tons | |
| indium | In | 0.049 ppm | 0.160 ppm | 0.250 ppm | 75 tons | ||
| bismuth | Bi | 0.048 ppm | 0.025 ppm | 0.0085 ppm | 3000 tons | ||
| tellurium | Te | 0.005 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 215 tons | ||
| platinum | Pt | 0.003 ppm | 0.037 ppm | 0.005 ppm | 30 tons | ||
| gold | Au | 0.0011 ppm | 0.0031 ppm | 0.004 ppm | 1,400 tons | ||
| ruthenium | Ru | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 0.12 tons | ||
| palladium | Pd | 0.0006 ppm | 0.0063 ppm | 0.015 ppm | 24 tons | ||
| rhenium | Re | 0.0004 ppm | 0.0026 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 4.5 tons | ||
| rhodium | Rh | 0.0002 ppm | 0.0007 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 tons | ||
| osmium | Os | 0.0001 ppm | 0.0018 ppm | 0.0015 ppm | 0.06 tons | ||
| iridium | Ir | 0.0000003 ppm (?) | 0.0004 ppm | 0.001 ppm | 3 tons |
[edit] References
- ^ Elements, Terrestrial Abundance. www.daviddarling.info. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
- ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. Periodic Table of Elements. Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
- ^ Abundance in Earth's Crust. WebElements.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
- ^ List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust. Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
- ^ It's Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. Jefferson Lab. Retrieved on 2007-04-14.
- BookRags, Periodic Table.
- World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.
- HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
