56th Fighter Group

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56th Fighter Group
P-47D 44-19770, 61st Fighter Squadron, 56th FG
Active	December 16, 1941 - October 18, 1945
Country	United States of America
Branch	United States Army Air Forces
Type	Fighter group
Role	Air Superiority
Size	75-100 P-47 aircraft, 1000 personnel
Part of	65th Fighter Wing Eighth Air Force
Garrison/HQ	RAF Halesworth RAF Boxted
Motto	Cave Tonitrum - Beware the Thunderbolt
Engagements	DUC: February 20 - March 9, 1944 DUC: September 18, 1944 447 group missions
Commanders
Colonel of the Regiment	Hubert A. Zemke David C. Schilling

The 56th Fighter Group was an air combat unit of the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War and as the 56th Operations Group, is a current unit of the United States Air Force. Created in 1941 as part of the expansion of the AAF immediately prior to World War II, the 56th FG was the first fighter group to receive and operate the P-47 Thunderbolt fighter. The current USAF group flies F-16 Fighting Falcons.

Credited by the Air Force Historical Research Agency with the destruction of 665.5 aircraft in air-to-air combat, the 56th Fighter Group had more air-to-air kills than any other fighter group in the Eighth Air Force, was the top-scoring P-47 group during World War II, and recorded the second-highest number of air-to-air kills of any USAAF fighter group.^[1] The 56th also claimed 311 fighters destroyed on the ground.^[2]

After World War II the 56th FG served as part of the 56th Fighter Wing of the USAF before being deactivated February 1, 1961, for the next thirty years. Reactivated on November 1, 1991, as the flying group of the 56th Fighter Wing, the 56th OG conducted F-16 transition training at MacDill AFB, Florida, until its inactivation January 4, 1994. The group was reactivated at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, on April 1, 1994, and with eight fighter squadrons, provides F-16 crew training for pilots from USAF, Taiwan, and Singapore.^[3]

Contents 1 Creation of the 56th Fighter Group 1.1 Organization 1.2 Camouflage, unit markings, and radio call signs 2 Combat history 2.1 Operations and tactics 2.1.1 1943 2.1.2 1944 up to D-Day 2.1.3 Summer and autumn 1944 2.1.4 Final operations 2.2 Aerial victories 2.2.1 Aces of the 56th Fighter Group 2.3 Bases, commanders, and casualties 3 Honors and campaigns 4 USAF service 4.1 Cold War air defense role[3] 4.2 USAF 56th Fighter Group commanders 4.3 56th Operations Group 4.3.1 56 OG organization 4.3.2 Honors 4.3.3 56th Operations Group commanders 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Creation of the 56th Fighter Group

[edit] Organization

(Except where noted, this material is from the official USAF group history by Maurer Maurer.)^[4]

Constituted by Headquarters USAAF as 56th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on November 20, 1940, the group was activated on January 15, 1941, at Savannah Army Air Base, Georgia. The 56th PG was assigned three fighter squadrons:

• 61st Pursuit Squadron
• 62d Pursuit Squadron
• 63d Pursuit Squadron

Staffed by a cadre drawn from other units at nearby Hunter AAB the 56th PG organized as a combat unit with a high turnover in personnel. On May 26, 1941, the group relocated to Morris AAF, Charlotte, North Carolina, where it received 3 P-39's and 10 P-36's, and trained, participated in training maneuvers, served as an air defense organization, and functioned as an operational training unit (OTU). During maneuvers in October 1941 it received 10 new P-39s and performed well in an air defense role.^[5]

On December 10, 1941, in the immediate aftermath of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 56th FG moved to Wilmington AAB, North Carolina for air defense duties, with its 61st FS based at Charleston AAB, South Carolina. It received 24 newly-commissioned 2nd lieutenant pilots in December and set up a makeshift assessment school using fiv types of obsolete fighter aircraft, including P-35s and P-43s.^[6]

In mid-January 1942 the 56th FG shifted to air defense of New York City, with its headquarters based at Bendix AAF, New Jersey, and its squadrons assigned respectively to Bridgeport, Connecticut; Bendix; and Farmingdale, New York. In April 1942 it received a full complement of new P-40F Warhawks to replace its makeshift equipment.

In May 1942 it was redesignated the 56th Fighter Group and its component squadrons were redesignated as fighter squadrons. The 56th FG received its first operational P-47B's from nearby Republic Aviation in June, in which it began training for combat. One of its most notable pilots, Major Robert S. Johnson, noted that during this "break-in" phase, in addition to numerous non-fatal training accidents 18 pilots of the 56th FG were killed and 41 aircraft destroyed in crashes, many as a result of the wholly inadequate airfield at nearby Stratford, on Long Island Sound.^[7] Group headquarters shifted to Bridgeport in July, joined by the 63rd FS in September, and the 62nd FS received its P-47s in July at Bradley Field, Connecticut.

Four fighter groups sent to England in the summer of 1942 as part of the Bolero buildup had been transferred to the Twelfth Air Force to support the invasion of North Africa, leaving the U.S. VIII Fighter Command with a single fighter group. To rebuild the fighter forces, the 56th FG was assigned for overseas duty in England. Major Hubert A. Zemke, a pre-war Air Corps pilot with experience as a combat observer with the RAF and a P-40 instructor to the Soviet Air Force, became group commander on September 16, 1942.^[8] The 56th FG was alerted for overseas deployment on Thanksgiving Day, ceased all air operations, and moved to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, on December 28.

The 56th Fighter Group sailed from New York on the RMS Queen Elizabeth on January 6, 1943. Arriving at Gourock, Scotland, on January 11, the personnel of the 56th FG moved by train to their first station at RAF Kings Cliffe in Cambridgeshire to await arrival of new P-47C's in late January. Shortly after its arrival in the UK, the 61st Fighter Squadron received a new pilot, Captain Francis S. Gabreski who had been seconded to No. 315 Squadron RAF, a fighter squadron of Polish Air Force pilots, to acquire combat experience. Bad weather prevented the group from flying its new aircraft until February 10.^[9]

The 56th was one of three P-47 groups in England, and the only one to previously train on the Thunderbolt. The 4th Fighter Group at RAF Debden had been created the preceding September by incorporating the veteran RAF Eagle squadrons into the USAAF, and the newly-arrived 78th Fighter Group at RAF Goxhill had previously flown P-38 Lightnings. Consequently the 56th was the only group of the three to have confidence in their aircraft despite problems of compressibility in dives, and performance teething problems that included poor rate of climb, poor acceleration, numerous engine seizures to oil counterbalance seal failures, ignition system problems, radio interference, and lack of spare parts.^[10]

At the end of three months of breaking in new equipment, trouble-shooting performance problems with their new airplanes, and training in the British tactics and procedures adopted by the VIII Fighter Command, the group moved to a new base at RAF Horsham St. Faith on April 6, 1943, which had been a pre-war permanent RAF station. The 56th received ground support there from the attached 33d Service Group, commanded by Lt. Col. Douglas Pollard, and the 41st Service Squadron.

[edit] Camouflage, unit markings, and radio call signs

The three component squadrons, the 61st, 62d, and 63d Fighter Squadrons, flew P-47C (blocks 2 and 5) from February 1943 to April 1943, P-47D (blocks 1 through 30) from June 1943 to March 1945, and P-47Ms from January 1945 to 10 October 1945. All 130 P-47M models served with the 56th FG before it redeployed from UK.

The P-47C and P-47D aircraft received by the 56th FG were finished in factory-applied olive drab (OD) with gray lower surfaces. Because the P-47 was the only radial engined allied fighter, the danger of other allied fighters mistaking it for the Fw 190 caused VIII Fighter Command to have 24-inch white cowl bands painted on the noses of P-47s after March 1943. Other rapid identification measures used were white banding on both the tail fin and horizontal stabilizers, and the use of oversized USAAF roundels on the undersides of both wings.^[11]

The USAAF ended the factory-applied camouflage on all aircraft produced after February 13, 1944, and the first unpainted block 21 "razorback" canopy and block 25 "bubble-top" canopy models arrived in May.^[12][13] The first "silver" aircraft, 42-26044, was left uncamouflaged, given the name Silver Lady, and flown in combat by Capt. James Carter and Major Les Smith of the 61st FS. The first bubbletops, dubbed "Superbolts", were assigned to the group and squadron commanders until more became available.^[14]

The 56th applied field camouflage to most but not all of these replacement fighters. Most bubbletops were given an RAF-style "shadow-shading" (disruptive) pattern of "RAF green" (a shade similar to olive drab) overlaid on light sea gray (another RAF shade) on upper surfaces, while most razorbacks were field-painted in overall dark OD on upper and light gray on lower surfaces. Shadow shading, however, appeared in a variety of schemes and colors, adding to the distinction of the group's aircraft.

When P-47M's appeared in January 1945, each squadron adopted an individual camouflage scheme on upper surfaces while lower surfaces of the fighters were left unpainted. The 61st used a matte black color that faded to a dark purple. The 62d continued the green-and-gray shadow-shading pattern, while the 63d went to a shadow-shading pattern of "deep Mediterranean blue" (indigo) applied over sky blue.^[15]

VIII Fighter Command assigned the 56th Fighter Group two-letter squadron indentification codes to be painted on the fuselages of its fighters, and each squadron assigned its aircraft individual letter identifiers. (The letters chosen for the 56th had previously been assigned to the 1st Fighter Group before it went to the Twelfth Air Force.) In early February 1944 the 56th replaced its white cowl bands with a different color for each squadron. This innovation lasted until mid-March, when VIII Fighter Command adopted a color system for all Eighth Air Force fighter groups. The 56th painted its noses red and later applied the squadron colors to the tail rudders of its Thunderbolts, an innovation that VIII Fighter Command also borrowed. The 56th discontinued use of squadron colors when it changed to P-47M's.

On April 23, 1944, VIII Fighter Command changed its system of radio call signs to reduce confusion when the fighter groups, now numbering a hundred or more fighters in their inventories, deployed two groups on escort missions ("A group" and "B Group"). Station call signs (RAF Halesworth's was STURDY, and RAF Boxted's DOGDAY) were unchanged, but all previous call signs were discontinued. In 1945 provision was also made for a C Group on missions (usually only 8 to 12 fighters) and all fighters assigned to a C Group mission used the common call sign.

Operations Identification Data

	61st Fighter Sqdn	62d Fighter Sqdn	63d Fighter Sqdn
Squadron Code	HV	LM	UN
Squadron color	red	yellow	light blue
Radio call signs	61st FS	62d FS	63d FS	Group
prior to 23 April 44,[16] A Group	KEYWORTH	WOODFIRE	POSTGATE	YARDSTICK
B Group	HALSTED	GROUNDHOG	NORTHGROVE	ASHLAND
after 23 April 44, A Group	Whippet	Platform	Daily	Fairbank
B Group	Household	Icejug	Yorker	Subway
C Group	--	--	--	Pantile

Like all Allied aircraft flying over the continent, the 56th applied alternating 18-inch black and white bands, known as "invasion stripes", to the rear fuselage and wings of its fighters just prior to D-Day. It retained the lower wing stripes and lower portion of the rear fuselage until the end of 1944, when most invasion stripes were deleted.

SOURCES: the basic source is Freeman, but Little Friends website has identical data

[edit] Combat history

[edit] Operations and tactics

[edit] 1943

P-47s of VIII Fighter Command performed three types of missions during 1943, all normally in group strength of 40-48 fighters, based on like operations used by the Royal Air Force:

• Circus - a heavy escort of a small group of bombers as a diversionary tactic to draw German fighter reaction away from the main strike,
• Rodeo - large-scale fighter sweeps through areas of German fighter reaction, to provoke an engagement, and
• Ramrod - bomber support (escort) of heavy bomber strikes, either during penetration or withdrawal of the bomber force.

The 56th FG sent its four most experienced pilots^[17][18] to Debden in early April 1943 to gain experience before the group's first mission, which occurred April 13, 1943. Its first combat and casualties occurred April 29, when Capt. John E. McClure and 1st Lt. Winston W. "Bill" Garth of the 62nd FS became POW's.^[19] The 56th flew 24 missions and 900 sorties (almost entirely Rodeo fighter sweeps and Circus diversions) in April and May, losing a total of 3 aircraft to enemy action. Its first Ramrod bomber escort mission occurred May 13, to Saint Omer, France.

In June the group staged out of a forward base at RAF Manston, Kent, to extend its range and registered its first victories over the Luftwaffe, shooting down four fighters on sweeps along the coast of France and Belgium on the 12th and 13th. On June 26, providing withdrawal support for a late afternoon bomber mission to Vélizy-Villacoublay airfield, it fought a 20-minute battle with veteran Fw 190 pilots of III/JG 26 over Forges-les-Eaux, France. The result was a major setback, with five Thunderbolts destroyed, four pilots killed, and only two German fighters shot down.

In July the 56th FG was moved from its comfortable quarters at Horsham St. Faith to a much-less improved installation at RAF Halesworth, along the coast of Suffolk, both to be nearer to German-occupied territory and to allow Horsham St. Faith to be completed as a heavy bomber base. On August 12 it used partially-filled and unpressurized 200-gallon ferry tanks as jettisonable fuel tanks for the first time in combat, escorting bombers headed for Bonn, Germany. In its first four months of missions, the 56th Group shot down 9 aircraft and lost 10.

The 56th provided penetration support on August 17, 1943, for B-17s of the 4th Bomb Wing headed for Regensburg in the morning, returned to base to re-arm and re-fuel, and flew withdrawal support for the 1st Bomb Wing returning from Schweinfurt in the late afternoon. It scored its first major victory, penetrating fifteen miles into Germany to break up frontal attacks on the bombers. The 56th used tactics it called "dive, fire, and recover", attacking German fighters from a higher altitude, taking advantage of its tremendous diving speed, then zooming back to gain altitude advantage. In a running twenty-minute battle across Belgium, the 56th claimed 17 German fighters shot down ( mainly of JG 3 and JG 26) for a loss of three P-47s and pilots. Three of those kills were made by Capt. Gerald W. Johnson of the 61st FS, who two days later (when the groups shot down 9 more) became the first ace in the group and the second in the ETO.^[20]

When the Eighth Air Force resumed deep penetration bombing missions between October 2 and October 14, the 56th FG shot down 37 Germans while losing just one Thunderbolt. Its radius of action had been considerably augmented on August 31 by the installation of new belly drop tank shackles on its P-47s that permitted use of 75-gallon steel drop tanks. The Thunderbolts were also modified to pressurize the tanks above 20,000 feet by feeding vented air from the instrument vacuum pump into them, and became the norm for future operations, with range further extended periodically by the use of tanks of increasingly larger size. The use of wing tank pylons did not begin until May 1944 and because of its negative effect on maneuvering performance, was not preferred.

The addition of belly shackles also enabled the P-47 to carry bombs, and on a mission on November 25 both the 56th and 78th Fighter Groups bombed airfields in France, escorted by P-47s of the 353rd and 356th Groups. The 56th dropped from a horizontal attitude with mixed results, but the dive-bombing technique used by the 78th FG was particularly successful; the missions led to the subsequent development of the P-47 as a fighter-bomber, which became its primary role in the ETO.

Although bomber missions were cut back and contacts with German aircraft were sporadic for the remainder of the year, the 56th FG shot down 81 more Germans, including 23 on November 26 (for a single loss) and 17 on December 11 (2 lost). These actions was particularly effective in that the 56th destroyed large formations of Bf 110 "Zerstörers", twin-engined fighters that specialized in attacking bombers, without being drawn away by the more numerous single-engined fighter top cover. During its first seven months in combat the 56th FG shot down 167 aircraft^[1] (more than the 4th and 78th FGs combined),^[21] and lost 33 of is own to all causes.^[19] Ten of its pilots had becomes aces, and two (Capt. Walker M. Mahurin and 1st Lt. Robert S. Johnson) were double-aces (10 kills).

[edit] 1944 up to D-Day

The longer range and agility of the P-51 Mustang resulted in the decision in January 1944 to give the Eighth Air Force priority in the acquisition of the Mustang. New P-51 units of the Ninth would be exchanged for P-47 groups earmarked for the Eighth, and all VIII Fighter Command Thunderbolt and P-38 Lightning groups would eventually be re-equipped with the Mustang. The sole exception to this change was the 56th Fighter Group, which decided to retain its P-47s for the duration.^[22]

On January 11 the 56th flew its first double-group mission, protecting bombers flying to targets in central Germany. Dispatching 72 fighters, the force was divided into an "A Group" and a "B Group", both with three squadron formations, each squadron with 12 fighters. At the direction of Army Air Forces chief General Henry H. Arnold, with the objective of destroying the Luftwaffe where it could be found, the Eighth Air Force released its fighters to strafe targets of opportunity while returning to base after completion of their primary escort mission. The 56th FG attacked Juvincourt-et-Damary, France, on February 11 on its first ground attack against German airfields.

The 56th Fighter Group won a Distinguished Unit Citation for a series of missions flown between February 20 and March 9, 1944. The campaign opened with Operation Argument, better known as "the Big Week", a sustained attempt to destroy the Luftwaffe in the air while attacking aircraft factories with strategic bombing. It was also the first use by P-47s of 150-gallon drop tanks, which boosted flight endurance time on the Thunderbolt from 1 hour 50 minutes on internal fuel to over three hours using an auxiliary tank. At the same time the 56th was assigned a bomber escort sector in the vicinity of Osnabrück, and the combination resulted in the shooting down of 49 Luftwaffe fighters over four days. The last week of the campaign saw the first USAAF bomber attacks on Berlin, and the group destroyed 38 more fighters in the air.^[23] The 56th Fighter Group recorded its 350th kill on March 16, having shot down 140 German aircraft in 12 missions.^[1]

The campaign also resulted in highly-publicized speculation of which among the emerging P-47 and P-51 aces would break the U.S. World War I record of 26 destroyed by Captain Eddie Rickenbacker. Pilots of the 56th who became well-known figures included Hub Zemke, Bud Mahurin, Bob Johnson, Jerry Johnson, and Gabby Gabreski, with Bob Johnson being the first to break Rickenbacker's mark on May 8 (as a result of which he was immediately grounded from further combat). Mahurin and Jerry Johnson were both shot down on March 27, with Johnson being captured. Although Mahurin successfully returned to Allied territory, his knowledge of the French Resistance ended his combat tour.

On April 15, 1944, Operation Jackpot was initiated by VIII Fighter Command, a planned series of strafing attacks against specific German airfields. The hazardous nature of the airfield attacks can be demonstrated by comparing them to the mission of April 13 (which marked the first anniversary of the 56th FG in combat) just two days prior. Escorting bombers that day, VIII Fighter Command's 676 Lightnings, Mustangs, and Thunderbolts achieved 18 air-to-air kills against just 6 losses, while the airfield strafing mission had losses of 33 of the 616 fighters involved.

The Eighth Air Force needed Halesworth for a new B-24 Liberator group, and sent the 56th to RAF Boxted on April 18, a base the 354th FG had just vacated, moving to southern England in preparation for the invasion of France. At the same time, a significant number of original 56th Group pilots reached the 200-hour limit that constituted completion of a fighter tour. At least 13 elected to continue with the 56th on a tour extension and were granted an immediate 30-day leave in the United States before continuing in combat. Although several second tour pilots were later killed, most survived to provide a sizeable core of experienced leadership that enabled the 56th to maintain its position as the leading air-to-air combat fighter group.^[24]

The emergence of the P-51 as the longe-range escort fighter of choice in the Eighth Air Force sharply reduced combat contacts for the P-47 groups, including the 56th. After splitting almost 550 victories with the P-47s in the Big Week-Berlin campaign, the five veteran groups of Mustangs totally dominated air-to-air combat in April, their 310 kills outscoring the Thunderbolts 6 to 1. Kills for the 56th FG dropped from 85 in March to just 18 in April. The situation was aggravated by the completion of tours of its veteran pilots, but was partially rectified by the recruitment of volunteer bomber pilots who had completed tours and by the invitation to six pilots of the Polish Air Force, serving with the RAF, to join Gabreski's 61st FS.^[25]

In a search for ways of increasing its air-to-air effectiveness, Col. Zemke devised a tactic later dubbed the "Zemke fan" to enhance the flexibility of escorts. Instead of flying close escort with the bombers, his concept called for the group to rendezvous at an easily-found landmark in its escort zone, from which it would break up into individual flights and fan out in a 180° arc, maintaining contact to respond to attacks on the bomber stream.

On May 12, the "Zemke fan" was tried for the first time and proved successful in initiating contacts. Although the engagements resulted in 18 kills for the 56th FG, both of Zemke's wingmen were shot down by Luftwaffe ace Major Gunther Rall of JG 11 (who was then shot down by 56th ace Joe Powers and his wingman) while Zemke's flight was still badly outnumbered. Zemke modified the tactic to fan out squadrons rather than flights. The tactic was later modified and adopted by other fighter groups.

The battle on May 12 was also notable in that 1st Lt. Robert J. Rankin^[26], responding to Zemke's call for help, shot down five German fighters during the action, becoming the group's first "Ace in a day". The feat was repeated on July 7 by Capt. Fred J. Christensen, on December 23 by Col. David C. Schilling, and on January 14, 1945, by Capt. Felix D. Williamson.

The modified tactics were put into effect on an escort mission the morning of May 22, when the 61st FS attacked a large number of Fw 190s of JG 11 over Höperhöfen airfield near Rotenburg an der Wümme and shot down 11 without loss. In a second mission that afternoon, the 56th was part of a 4-group Thunderbolt raid against a railroad bridge at Hasselt, Belgium, dropping 500-pound bombs at varying altitudes and using level, glide-bombing, and dive-bombing tactics, trying to determine the most effective means of using the P-47 as a fighter-bomber.

[edit] Summer and autumn 1944

On the evening of June 5, 1944, all the P-47s of the group had their fuselages and wings painted with distinctive "invasion stripes" (see Camouflage, unit markings, and radio call signs above). Beginning at 0400 on June 6, the 56th FG flew 16 group missions in two days in support of the invasion of France at Normandy. 12 of the missions were as fighter-bombers interdicting German lines of communication, and the Thunderbolts were attacked by German fighters on June 7 while at low altitude, but retained air superiority by shooting down 12. Five P-47s were lost, all but one shot down by ground fire.

The invasion marked a change in mission priorities for the 56th FG. While the group continued to contribute to bomber escort missions, its primary tasks became ground attack, first in attacking roads and railways, then in supporting the advance of Allied armies after the breakout of July 25. Strafing attacks in July cost the 56th FG two veteran squadron commanders and aces: Capt. Joe Egan was killed on July 19 and the next day Lt. Col. Gabby Gabreski was forced to crashland in Germany and became a prisoner of war. Gabreski had matched Johnson's 27 victories on June 27, then exceeded it on July 5 to tie Major Richard Bong for most victories in the USAAF at 28 (Bong went to score 40).

Command of the 56th Fighter Group passed to Lt.Col. David C. Schilling on August 12, 1944, when Zemke accepted a transfer to command the novice 479th Fighter Group, whose commander had been shot down August 10. Schilling had begun his second tour of operations at the end of July and had been group deputy commander since August 19, 1943.^[27] The ground attack missions of the 56th intensified as the group attacked Gelnhausen airfield on September 5, destroying 78 aircraft and damaging 19, but losing four.^[28]

On September 17 the group along with the other remaining P-47 groups of VIII Fighter Command flew ground attack missions protecting the Allied airborne landings (Operation Market) in Holland. The next day the 56th dispatched 39 fighters to attack antiaircraft positions in support of a resupply mission for the U.S. airborne divisions by B-24 bombers, for which the group was awarded its second Distinguished Unit Citation. Dueling flak sites near Oosterhout, Netherlands, despite a 500-foot (150 m) cloud ceiling and severe haze, the 56th lost 16 aircraft: 5 shot down over German-held territory, 9 crash-landed in Allied territory on the continent, and two crashed in England. Three of the 16 pilots were killed and 3 captured.^[29]

The 56th FG carried out other missions in conjunction with Operation Market until September 23. On the September 21, assigned a patrol sector between Deventer and Lochem to protect a resupply mission to Arnhem, the group attacked and destroyed 15 of a group of 22 Fw 190 aircraft. However, the 56th had been late arriving in its patrol area and had encountered the German fighters after they had already attacked RAF Stirlings of 38 Group, shooting down 15.^[30]

On September 15, operational control of VIII Fighter Command's three fighter wings was placed directly under the headquarters of the bomb divisions, removing a layer of command, with a wing controlled by each division. After this date, the 56th Fighter Group's primary duty was protection of the B-24s of the 2nd Bomb Division based in East Anglia. On November 1, 1944, the 56th FG had its first encounter with Me 262 jets, resulting in a kill shared with another group.

During the Battle of the Bulge, the 56th FG engaged over 40 Luftwaffe fighters attempting to attack U.S. bombers supporting Allied ground forces on December 23, 1944. The 56th shot down 32 to become the first U.S. fighter group to be credited with more than 800 aircraft destroyed in both the air and starfing attacks, with group commander Schilling shooting down 5.^[31]

[edit] Final operations

The end of 1944 saw the 56th become the sole remaining group of P-47 Thunderbolts in the Eighth Air Force, as the 353rd FG converted to Mustangs on October 2, the 356th FG on November 20, and the 78th FG on December 29. Beginning January 3, 1945, the 56th began receiving the P-47M, built to be the fastest Allied piston-driven fighter.^[32] Externally identical to the P-47D bubbletops, the P-47M had an up-powered R-2800-57C engine and also incorporated all the range-extending characteristics previously developed for the P-47, particularly use of a 215-gallon belly drop tank.

The 61st Fighter Squadron received the first P-47M-1-REs^[33] and immediately began encountering engine problems. Multiple engine failures, including two crash-landings, resulted in the grounding of the Ms on February 26. Technical problems were believed resolved with the identification of brittle ignition harnesses (as experienced in the P-47C two years before) and the final D-model left the group on March 1. On March 4 operations resumed, but four crashes in five days, three of them fatal, again led to grounding of the aircraft on March 16. A dozen P-51B Mustangs were brought to Boxted in case rapid conversion to the P-51 became necessary, but the new problem of engine failure and oil tank rupture was traced to salt-water corrosion in the shipment of new engines overseas. By March 24 every engine and ignition harness on all the Ms had been replaced and the entire group was equipped with the new model, eventually receiving all 130 production P-47Ms.^[34]

The advent of the German jet threat and the belief by Allied intelligence that it used low grade (high flash point) fuels that resisted ignition by .50-caliber strikes led to the development of new ammunition for American fighters. The experimental round, called the T48, used a concentrated incendiary compound and had a muzzle velocity of 3400 feet (1036 m) per second, which was 20% greater than existing ammunition. The 56th FG was chosen to test the new ammunition in February 1945 but the teething problems of the P-47M postponed the tests until the mechanical problems were resolved. In April the 56th began airfield strafing attacks using the T-48 round, culminating in an attack on Eggebek airfield, in which the T48 was used extensively.^[35] The success of the tests resulted in the standardization of the new round as the M23 incendiary, issued to all groups but too late to see combat.

Colonel Schilling's extended tour ended January 27 and command of the group passed to Lt. Col. Lucian A. Dade, who had been one of the group's original pilots as a second lieutenant and had served as squadron commander, operations officer, and deputy commander of the group. During his duty as operations officer, "Pete" Dade had been forbidden to fly combat missions by Zemke and was still on his first combat tour after two years in theater. This led to some distrust of his ability as an aggressive leader among the pilots, although as one historian noted, Zemke and Schilling were "hard acts to follow".^[36] Despite this Dade led 49 fighters to Eggebek on April 13, locating 150 to 200 aircraft parked on the field and two nearby satellite strips.

Employing the 62nd FS at 15,000 feet as top cover, the 61st FS orbitted at 10,000 feet while the 63rd FS dove on the field, its first pass to suppress ground fire, and then completed 140 individual passes on the fields, claiming 44 destroyed. The 61st then attacked, making 94 passes and claiming 25 destroyed, followed by the 62nd, making 105 and claiming 26. One Thunderbolt (P-47M 44-21134 UN: P, Teacher's Pet, 1st Lt. William R. Hoffman, 63rd FS) was shot down and the pilot killed when his parachute did not open in time. The totals for the day were 339 passes, 95 aircraft destroyed and another 95 damaged, and more than 78,000 rounds of ammunition expended. 2nd Lt. Randall Murphy of the 63rd FS, using T48 ammunition, was credited after a review of his gun camera film with 10 planes destroyed, the high mark for the group.

On April 16, during another strafing mission, the final P-47 of the 56th FG went down (P-47M 44-21230, LM: A, Capt. John W. Appel, 62nd FS) but its pilot successfully returned to Allied lines, and on April 21 the group flew its final combat mission. Freeman's statistical summary lists 447 group missions; 19,391 sorties; 64,302 hours of combat flight time; 128 P-47s shot down (85 by ground fire); 44 P-47s destroyed in ETO accidents; 18 pilots awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (Col. Schilling twice); and 28 awards of the Silver Star. Three of the original group pilots—Dade, deputy commander and subsequent group commander Lt. Col. Donald D. Renwick, and operations officer Major James R. Carter—were assigned to the group at the end of the war.^[37]

[edit] Aerial victories

Capt. Walter V. Cook C, 62d Fighter Squadron, flying P-47C 41-6343 (LM-W Little Cookie), scored the first aerial victory by a 56th pilot on June 12, 1943, over Blankenberghe, Belgium, downing an Fw 190. The group's final victory was an Me-262 of JG 7 shot down on April 10, 1945, by 2d Lt. Walter J. Sharbo, also of the 62d Fighter Squadron, in P-47M 44-21237 (LM-C Marion - North Dakota Kid), near Wittstock, Germany.

The 56th Fighter Group had 674½ claims credited by the Eighth Air Force for German aircraft destroyed in air-to-air combat. U.S. Air Force Historical Study No. 85 recognizes 665.5 aerial victories for the 56th. This total is the second highest among USAAF fighter groups in the ETO (behind the 354th Group with 701), the highest among all Eighth Air Force groups, and the highest among all P-47 groups of the USAAF. Eighth Air Force also credited the 357th Fighter Group with 311 German aircraft destroyed on the ground, making an overall total of 976.5, which is second among all Eighth Air Force fighter groups.

Of the air-to-air totals, 4 were Me-262 jets, all shot down by P-47M's (Maj. George Bostwick and 2d Lt. Edwin M. Crosthwait, 63d FS on March 25, 1945, over Parchim; and Sharbo and Capt. William F. Wilkerson, 62d FS, on April 10), and 2 were AR 234 jet bombers (both March 14, 1945, by the 62d FS, 1st Lt. Norman D. Gould shooting down one and the other shared by 1st Lt. Sandford N. Ball and 1st Lt. Warren S. Lear). 2d Lt. Walter Groce of ther 63d FS shared a credit on November 1, 1944, with a P-51 pilot of the 352d FG for one of the first Me 262 jets shot down.

Among the various units of the 56th, the 61st Fighter Squadron had the most victories, 232 shot down by 68 pilots. The 62d Fighter Squadron was credited with 219.5 kills by 79 pilots, the 63d Fighter Squadron with 174.25 kills by 64 pilots, and group headquarters with 39.75 kills by 4 pilots.

Aerial victories by unit and period

Unit	Jun-Dec 1943	Jan-Jun 1944	Jul-Dec 1944	Jan-Apr 1945	Unit Total
61st FS	60	141	29	2	232
62d FS	43 ½	87	69	20	219 ½
63d FS	48	56 ¾	50½	19	174 ¼
Grp HQ	15 ½	15 ¼	9	0	39 ¾
Period Tot	167	300	157 ½	41	665 ½

[edit] Aces of the 56th Fighter Group

Counting only air-to-air victories registered while with the group (therefore discounting air-to-ground claims), the 56th had 39 pilots become aces, the second-most of any ETO fighter group (the 354th Fighter Group of the Ninth Air Force and the 357th Fighter Group, flying P-51s, had 42).

Pilot	Sqdrn	Credits	Casualty Status	Personal Aircraft
Lt.Col. Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski	61	28	POW 20 July 1944
Major Robert S. Johnson	61,62	27		All Hell, Lucky, Double Lucky, Penrod & Sam
Col. David C. Schilling	Grp	22.5		Whack
Capt. Fred J. Christensen Jr.	62	21.5		"Boche Buster"-Rozzie Geth, Miss Fire-Rozzie Geth II
Major Walker M. "Bud" Mahurin	63	19.75	Evaded 27 March 1944	"Spirit of Atlantic City, N.J."
Major Gerald W. "Jerry" Johnson	61,62	16.5	POW 27 March 1944	In the Mood — "Jackson County, Michigan, Fighter"
Col. Hubert A. "Hub" Zemke	Grp	15.25	POW	Happy Warrior — "Oregon's Britannia"
Capt. Joseph H. Powers Jr.	61,62	14.5		Powers' Girl
Capt. Felix D. "Willie" Williamson	62	13		Willie
Major Leroy A. Schreiber	61,62	12	KIA 15 April 1944
Major James C. Stewart	61	11.5
Major Paul A. Conger	61,62	11.5		Hollywood High Hatter — "Redondo Beach, California"
Capt. Michael J. Quirk	62	11	POW 9 September 1944
1st Lt. Robert J. "Shorty" Rankin	61	10
Sqd. Ldr. Boleslaw M. Gladych	61	10		Pengie and four successors
1st Lt. Stanley D. "Fats" Morrill	62	9	Died flying accident 29 March 1944	Fats-Btfsplk, Debt Collector
Major Michael J. Jackson	62	8		Teddy
Major George E. Bostwick	62,63	8¹		Ugly Duckling
1st Lt. Glen D. Schiltz Jr.	63	8		Pam
Capt. Robert A. Lamb	61	7		Jackie
Major Leslie C. Smith	61	7		Silver Lady
1st Lt. Frank W. Klibbe	61	7		Little Chief-Anderson, Indiana
2nd Lt. Billy G. Edens	62	7	POW 9 September 1944
1st Lt. John H. "Lucky" Truluck, Jr.	63	7		Lady Jane
Capt. Mark L. Moseley	62	6.5		Sylvia
Major James R. Carter	61	6		Silver Lady
1st Lt. Robert J. Keen	61	6		Ice Cold Kattie
Capt. Walter V. Cook	62	6		Little Cookie
Capt. Cameron M. Hart	63	6
1st Lt. George F. Hall	63	6
1st Lt. Frank E. McCauley	61	5.5		Rat Racer
Major Donovan F. "Dieppe" Smith	61	5.5		Ole Cock, Ole Cock II
Capt. Joseph H. Bennett	61	5.5		Ann II, Lucky
F.O. Evan O. McMinn	61	5	Killed in action 6 June 1944
2nd Lt. Steven N. Gerick	61	5
2nd Lt. Joe W. Icard	62	5	Killed in action 8 March 1944
Major Harold F. "Bunny" Comstock	63	5		Happy Warrior
Capt. Joseph L. Egan, Jr.	63	5	Killed in action 19 July 1944	Holy Joe
Capt. John W. Vogt, Jr.	63	5		Lucky Little Devil

SOURCE: USAF Historical Study 85. Nickname source Little Friends website and Freeman, 56th Fighter Group
¹Totals include one Me 262 jet shot down

[edit] Bases, commanders, and casualties

56th FG losses
128	P-47's lost in combat
44	P-47's lost in accidents
10	P-47's written off for battle damage
84	killed in action or missing in action
30	killed in accidents
34	captured
27	Wounded in action
	SOURCES:
	Freeman, 56th Fighter Group p. 118
	Little Friends

English bases of the 56th Fighter Group

Location	date
RAF Kings Cliffe, Cambridgeshire	January 12, 1943
RAF Horsham St. Faith, Norfolk	April 5, 1943
RAF Halesworth, Suffolk	July 8, 1943
RAF Boxted, Essex	April 18, 1944
RAF Little Walden, Essex	September 9, 1945
(return to USA)	October 10. 1945

SOURCE: Maurer Mauer

56th FG commanders

Group Commanders	Date of command
Lt.Col. Davis D. Graves	December 1941
Col. John C. Crosthwaite	June 1, 1942
Col. Hubert A. Zemke	September 16, 1942
Col. Robert B. Landry	October 30, 1943
Col. Hubert A. Zemke	January 19, 1944
Col. David C. Schilling	August 12, 1944
Lt.Col.Lucian A. Dade, Jr.	January 27, 1945
Lt.Col. Donald D. Renwick	August 1945
(vacant, then inactivated)	October 10, 1945

SOURCE: Maurer Mauer

[edit] Honors and campaigns

Distinguished Unit Citation ETO, 20 February 1944 to 9 March 1944 Holland, 18 September 1944

World War II: American Theatre Air Offensive, Europe Normandy Northern France Rhineland Ardennes-Alsace Central Europe

[edit] USAF service

[edit] Cold War air defense role^[3]

With the end of hostilities, the unit's aircraft went to depots in September 1945. The unit transferred stateside on 11 October 1945 on the Queen Mary, arriving at New York, 16 October 1945 and was inactivated 18 October 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.

The 56th FG was reactivated in May 1, 1946, at Selfridge Army Air Base, Michigan, equipped with P-47 and P-51 fighters until the unit was reequipped with Lockheed P-80s in 1947. It was redesignated 56th Fighter-Interceptor Group on January 20, 1950, then inactivated on February 6, 1952, as part of an Air Force-wide reorganization eliminating groups from the operational structure.

The 56th was reactivated at O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, on August 18, 1955, and reequipped with North American F-86D interceptor. The group was discontinued and deactivated on February 1, 1961, but its 62 FIS remained a separate active duty squadron flying McDonnell F-101 Voodoos until 1969. While still inactive the group was redesignated 56th Tactical Fighter Group on July 31, 1985.

[edit] USAF 56th Fighter Group commanders

Commander	date
Col. David C. Schilling	1 May 1946
Lt.Col. Thomas D. DeJarnette	14 July 1948
Col. David C. Schilling	August 1948
Lt.Col. William D. Ritchie	January 1949
Col. Clifford Heflin	May 1949
Lt.Col. Irwin H. Dregne	June 1949
Maj. Ralph A. Johnson	15 September 1949
Col. Francis S. Gabreski	5 October 1949
Lt.Col. George L. Jones	May 1951
Col. Ernest J. White Jr.	May 1951-unknown
Unknown	18 August 1955-unknown
Col. John R. Murphy	April 1957
Unknown	16 July-3 November 1957
Col. Leo C. Moon	4 November 1957
Lt.Col. Bacchus B. Byrd Jr.	15 August 1959
Lt.Col. Russell C. Jackson	September 1959
Col. Phillip N. Loring	1 October 1959
Col. James W. Holt	19 November 1960
Col. James F. Reed	13 January-1 February 1961

[edit] 56th Operations Group

56th Operations Group
Active	April 1, 1994
Country	United States of America
Branch	United States Air Force
Type	Training wing operations group
Role	Fighter crew training
Size	8 F-16 Fighting Falcon squadrons 1 ground training squadron 1 operations support squadron 191 F-16 aircraft 233 instructor pilots
Part of	56th Fighter Wing Nineteenth Air Force
Garrison/HQ	Luke Air Force Base, Arizona
Commanders
Current commander	Col. Robert P. Givens

The group was redesignated 56th Operations Group on October 28, 1991, and activated on November 1 as the flying component of the 56th Fighter Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida. It conducted F-16 transition training at MacDill until mid-1993, phasing down its operations until inactivated January 4, 1994. The 56th was subsequently reactivated at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, on April 1, 1994, where it replaced on paper the deactivating 58th Operations Group. It has provided F-16 training operations since and also conducted F-15E Strike Eagle combat crew training for a period between April 1994 and March 1995.^[3]

[edit] 56 OG organization

The 56th Operations Group is the largest Operations Group in the United States Air Force with 13 separate reporting organizations. In fiscal year 2006, the 56th Operations Group flew 37,000 sorties and 50,000 hours while graduating 484 F-16 students.^[38]

The 56th OG consists of eight component flying and two non-flying squadrons:^[39]

• 21st Fighter Squadron

The 21 FS ("Gamblers") trains F-16 pilots for the Taiwan Republic of China Air Force.

• 308th Fighter Squadron

Formerly part of the 31st Fighter Wing, the 308 FS ("Emerald Knights") was the first squadron to operate the Block 42 F-16C/D.

• 309th Fighter Squadron

Also a former 31st FW squadron, the 309 FS ("Wild Ducks") is a combat-ready F-16 squadron that conducts F-16 crew training for active duty USAF pilots.

• 310th Fighter Squadron

The 310 FS ("Top Hats"), previously a part of the 58 FW, conducts training in night operations, Forward Air Control-Airborne in the F-16, and MANTIRN (Medium Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night) training.

• 56th Operations Support Squadron

A non-flying squadron, the 56 OSS controls all airfield activities at Luke.

• 56th Training Squadron

Also a non-flying squadron, the 56 TS provides academic, simulator and live-mission ground training in a large variety of F-16 related missions

• 61st Fighter Squadron

The 61 FS ("Top Dogs") is a combat-ready F-16 squadron that conducts F-16 crew training for active duty USAF pilots.

• 62d Fighter Squadron

The 62 FS ("Spikes") is a combat-ready F-16 squadron that conducts F-16 crew training for active duty USAF pilots.

• 63d Fighter Squadron

The 63 FS ("Panthers") is a combat-ready F-16 squadron that conducts F-16 crew training for active duty USAF pilots.

• 425th Fighter Squadron

The 425 FS ("Black Widows") provides F-16 crew training for the Republic of Singapore Air Force. The unit is unique in that its F-16's bear the lion's head roundel of the RSAF instead of the USAF star-and-bars insignia.

[edit] Honors

Air Force Outstanding Unit Award

• 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1996
• 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1998
• 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2000
• 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2003

[edit] 56th Operations Group commanders

Commander	date
Col. Patrick T. Sakole	1 November 1991
Col. John L. Barry	3 August 1992
Col. Vincent J. Santillo	2 August 1993
Lt.Col. Ralph B. Brown	December 1993-4 January 1994
Col. Bron A. Burke	1 April 1994
Col. Stanley Gorenc	13 June 1994
Col. Gilmary M. Hostage III	30 June 1995
Col. Irvin M. Hardin	9 May 1997
Col. William C. Louisell	7 May 1999
Col. Robert P. Steel	26 May 2000
Col. Steven Searcy	4 January 2002
Col. Walter E. Wright III	2 July 2003-
Col. Timothy W. Strawther	1 June 2005-1 June 2007
Col. Robert P. Givens	1 June 2007

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Painting of 56th FG P-47 Little Chief
• Halesworth Museum
• Luke Falcons website of current 56th FW units