40th United States Congress - State Delegations

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The Fortieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1867 to March 3, 1869, during the last two years of the administration of U.S. President Andrew Johnson.

The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority.

This article supplements the main article with a list of the members by state delegation.

Main article: 40th United States Congress

See also: 40th United States Congress - political parties

See also: United States House elections, 1866

[edit] Dates of sessions

March 4, 1867 - March 3, 1869

First session: March 4, 1867 – December 1, 1867
Second session: December 2, 1867 - November 10, 1868
Third session: December 7, 1868 - March 3, 1869 — a lame duck session

Previous congress: 39th Congress
Next congress: 41st Congress

[edit] Members

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1868; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1870; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1872.

The names of members of the House of Representatives elected statewide on the general ticket or otherwise at-large, are preceded by an "A/L," and the names of those elected from districts, whether plural or single member, are preceded by their district numbers.

Many of the congressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the linked article may only describe the district as it exists today, and not as it was at the time of this Congress.

The list below is arranged by state, then by chamber. Senators are shown in order of seniority, House members in district order.

[edit] Alabama

Senate

3: George E. Spencer (1836-1893), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
2: Willard Warner (1826-1906), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.

House of Representatives (6 seats)

1: Francis W. Kellogg (1810-1879), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 22, 1868.
2: Charles W. Buckley (1835-1906), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 21, 1868.
3: Benjamin W. Norris (1819-1873), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 21, 1868.
4: Charles W. Pierce (1823-1907), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 21, 1868.
5: John B. Callis (1828-1898), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 21, 1868.
6: Thomas Haughey (1826-1869), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 21, 1868.

[edit] Arkansas

Senate

2: Alexander McDonald (1832-1903), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 23, 1868.
3: Benjamin F. Rice (1828-1905), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 23, 1868.

House of Representatives (3 seats)

1: Logan H. Roots (1841-1893), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 24, 1868.
2: James M. Hinds (1833-1868), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 24, 1868, died October 22, 1868.

James T. Elliott (1823-1875), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated January 13, 1869.
3: Thomas Boles (1837-1905), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 24, 1868.

[edit] California

Senate

1: John Conness (1821-1909), Republican
3: Cornelius Cole (1822-1924), Republican

House of Representatives (3 seats)

1: Samuel B. Axtell (1819-1891), Democratic ...seated November 21, 1867.
2: William Higby (1813-1887), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
3: James A. Johnson (1829-1896), Democratic ...seated November 21, 1867.

[edit] Connecticut

Senate

1: James Dixon (1814-1873), Republican
3: Orris S. Ferry (1823-1875), Republican

House of Representatives (4 seats)

1: Richard D. Hubbard (1818-1884), Democratic
2: Julius Hotchkiss (1810-1878), Democratic
3: Henry H. Starkweather (1826-1876), Republican
4: William H. Barnum (1818-1889), Democratic

[edit] Delaware

Senate

2: Willard Saulsbury, Sr. (1820-1892), Democratic
1: George Read Riddle (1817-1867), Democratic ...died March 29, 1867.

James A. Bayard, Jr. (1799-1880), Democratic ...appointed to fill vacancy, seated April 11, 1867, subsequently elected.

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: John A. Nicholson (1827-1906), Democratic

[edit] Florida

Senate

3: Thomas W. Osborn (1833-1898), Republican ...readmitted state, seated June 25, 1868.
1: Adonijah S. Welch (1821-1889), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 2, 1868.

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: Charles M. Hamilton (1840-1875), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 1, 1868.

[edit] Georgia

Senate

2: vacant
3: vacant

House of Representatives (7 seats)

1: Joseph W. Clift (1837-1908), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
2: Nelson Tift (1810-1891), Democratic ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
3: William P. Edwards (1835-1900), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
4: Samuel F. Gove (1822-1900), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
5: Charles H. Prince (1837-1912), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
6: vacant …contested election, no one seated.
7: Pierce M. B. Young (1836-1896), Democratic ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.

[edit] Illinois

Senate

3: Lyman Trumbull (1813-1896), Republican
2: Richard Yates (1815-1873), Republican

House of Representatives (14 seats)

1: Norman B. Judd (1815-1878), Republican
2: John F. Farnsworth (1820-1897), Republican
3: Elihu B. Washburne (1816-1887), Republican
4: Abner C. Harding (1807-1874), Republican
5: Ebon C. Ingersoll (1831-1879), Republican
6: Burton C. Cook (1819-1894), Republican
7: Henry P. H. Bromwell (1823-1903), Republican
8: Shelby M. Cullom (1829-1914), Republican
9: Lewis W. Ross (1812-1895), Democratic
10: Albert G. Burr (1829-1882), Democratic
11: Samuel S. Marshall (1821-1890), Democratic
12: Jehu Baker (1822-1903), Republican
13: Green B. Raum (1829-1909), Republican
A/L: John A. Logan (1826-1886), Republican

[edit] Indiana

Senate

1: Thomas A. Hendricks (1819-1885), Democratic
3: Oliver H. P. T. Morton (1823-1877), Republican

House of Representatives (11 seats)

1: William E. Niblack (1822-1893), Democratic
2: Michael C. Kerr (1827-1876), Democratic
3: Morton C. Hunter (1825-1896), Republican
4: William S. Holman (1822-1897), Democratic
5: George W. Julian (1817-1899), Republican
6: John Coburn (1825-1908), Republican
7: Henry D. Washburn (1832-1871), Republican
8: Godlove S. Orth (1817-1882), Republican
9: Schuyler Colfax (1823-1885), Republican
10: William Williams (1821-1896), Republican
11: John P. C. Shanks (1826-1901), Republican

[edit] Iowa

Senate

2: James W. Grimes (1816-1872), Republican
3: James Harlan (1820-1899), Republican

House of Representatives (6 seats)

1: James F. Wilson (1828-1895), Republican
2: Hiram Price (1814-1901), Republican
3: William B. Allison (1829-1908), Republican
4: William Loughridge (1827-1889), Republican
5: Grenville M. Dodge (1831-1916), Republican
6: Asahel W. Hubbard (1819-1879), Republican

[edit] Kansas

Senate

3: Samuel C. Pomeroy (1816-1891), Republican
2: Edmund G. Ross (1826-1907), Republican

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: Sidney Clarke (1831-1909), Republican

[edit] Kentucky

Senate

3: Garrett Davis (1801-1872), Democratic
2: James Guthrie (1792-1869), Democratic …resigned February 7, 1868.

Thomas C. McCreery (1816-1890), Democratic …elected to fill vacancy, seated February 28, 1868.

House of Representatives (9 seats)

1: Lawrence S. Trimble (1825-1904), Democratic ...contested election, seated January 10, 1868.
2: vacant …contested election, no one seated.
3: Elijah Hise (1802-1867), Democratic ...died May 8, 1867, never having qualified.

Jacob S. Golladay (1819-1887), Democratic ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 5, 1867.
4: J. Proctor Knott (1830-1911), Democratic ...charges of disloyalty unsustained, seated December 3, 1867.
5: Asa P. Grover (1819-1887), Democratic ...charges of disloyalty unsustained, seated December 3, 1867.
6: Thomas L. Jones (1819-1887), Democratic ...charges of disloyalty unsustained, seated December 4, 1867.
7: James B. Beck (1822-1890), Democratic ...charges of disloyalty unsustained, seated December 3, 1867.
8: George M. Adams (1837-1920), Democratic ...seated July 8, 1867.
9: Samuel McKee (1833-1898), Republican ...contested election of John D. Young, seated June 22, 1868.

[edit] Louisiana

Senate

2: John S. Harris (1825-1906), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 17, 1868.
3: William Pitt Kellogg (1830-1918), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 17, 1868.

House of Representatives (5 seats)

1: J. Hale Sypher (1837-1913), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.
2: James Mann (1822-1868), Democratic ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868, died August 26, 1868, seat remained vacant.
3: Joseph P. Newsham (1837-1919), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.
4: Michel Vidal (1824- ), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.
5: W. Jasper Blackburn (1820-1899), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.

[edit] Maine

Senate

1: Lot M. Morrill (1813-1883), Republican
2: William Pitt Fessenden (1806-1869), Republican

House of Representatives (5 seats)

1: John Lynch (1825-1892), Republican
2: Sidney Perham (1819-1907), Republican
3: James G. Blaine (1830-1893), Republican
4: John A. Peters (1822-1904), Republican
5: Frederick A. Pike (1816-1886), Republican

[edit] Maryland

Senate

1: Reverdy Johnson (1796-1876), Democratic ...resigned July 10, 1868.

William Pinkney Whyte (1824-1908), Democratic ...appointed to fill vacancy, seated July 14, 1868.
3: George Vickers (1801-1879), Democratic ...seated March 9, 1868.

House of Representatives (5 seats)

1: Hiram McCullough (1813-1885), Democratic
2: Stevenson Archer (1827-1898), Democratic
3: Charles E. Phelps (1833-1908), Conservative
4: Francis Thomas (1799-1876), Republican
5: Frederick Stone (1820-1899), Democratic

[edit] Massachusetts

Senate

1: Charles Sumner (1811-1874), Republican
2: Henry Wilson (1812-1875), Republican

House of Representatives (10 seats)

1: Thomas D. Eliot (1808-1870), Republican
2: Oakes Ames (1804-1873), Republican
3: Ginery Twichell (1811-1883), Republican
4: Samuel Hooper (1808-1875), Republican
5: Benjamin F. Butler (1818-1893), Republican
6: Nathaniel P. Banks (1816-1894), Republican
7: George S. Boutwell (1818-1905), Republican
8: John D. Baldwin (1809-1883), Republican
9: William B. Washburn (1820-1887), Republican
10: Henry L. Dawes (1816-1903), Republican

[edit] Michigan

Senate

1: Zachariah Chandler (1813-1879), Republican
2: Jacob M. Howard (1805-1871), Republican

House of Representatives (6 seats)

1: Fernando C. Beaman (1814-1882), Republican
2: Charles Upson (1821-1885), Republican
3: Austin Blair (1818-1894), Republican
4: Thomas W. Ferry (1827-1896), Republican
5: Rowland E. Trowbridge (1821-1881), Republican
6: John F. Driggs (1813-1877), Republican

[edit] Minnesota

Senate

1: Alexander Ramsey (1815-1903), Republican
2: Daniel S. Norton (1829-1870), Republican

House of Representatives (2 seats)

1: William Windom (1827-1891), Republican
2: Ignatius L. Donnelly (1831-1901), Republican

[edit] Mississippi

Senate

1: vacant
2: vacant

House of Representatives (5 seats)

all seats vacant

[edit] Missouri

Senate

1: John B. Henderson (1826-1913), Republican
3: Charles D. Drake (1811-1892), Republican

House of Representatives (9 seats)

1: William A. Pile (1829-1889), Republican
2: Carman A. Newcomb (1830-1902), Republican
3: Thomas E. Noell (1839-1867), Democratic ...died October 3, 1867.

James R. McCormick (1824-1897), Democratic ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 17, 1867.
4: Joseph J. Gravely (1828-1872), Republican
5: Joseph W. McClurg (1818-1900), Republican ...resigned 1868.

John H. Stover (1833-1889), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 7, 1868.
6: Robert T. Van Horn (1824-1916), Republican
7: Benjamin F. Loan (1819-1881), Republican
8: John F. Benjamin (1817-1877), Republican
9: George W. Anderson (1832-1902), Republican

[edit] Nebraska

Senate

2: John M. Thayer (1820-1906), Republican ...new state, seated March 4, 1867.
1: Thomas W. Tipton (1817-1899), Republican ...new state, seated March 4, 1867.

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: John Taffe (1827-1884), Republican

[edit] Nevada

Senate

1: William M. Stewart (1827-1909), Republican
3: James W. Nye (1815-1876), Republican

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: Delos R. Ashley (1828-1873), Republican

[edit] New Hampshire

Senate

2: Aaron H. Cragin (1821-1898), Republican
3: James W. Patterson (1823-1893), Republican

House of Representatives (3 seats)

1: Jacob H. Ela (1820-1884), Republican
2: Aaron F. Stevens (1819-1887), Republican
3: Jacob Benton (1814-1892), Republican

[edit] New Jersey

Senate

2: Alexander G. Cattell (1816-1894), Republican
1: Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (1817-1885), Republican

House of Representatives (5 seats)

1: William Moore (1810-1878), Republican
2: Charles Haight (1838-1891), Democratic
3: Charles Sitgreaves (1803-1878), Democratic
4: John Hill (1821-1884), Republican
5: George A. Halsey (1827-1894), Republican

[edit] New York

Senate

1: Edwin D. Morgan (1811-1883), Republican
3: Roscoe Conkling (1829-1888), Republican

House of Representatives (31 seats)

1: Stephen Taber (1821-1886), Democratic
2: Demas Barnes (1827-1888), Democratic
3: William E. Robinson (1814-1892), Democratic
4: John Fox (1835-1914), Democratic
5: John Morrissey (1831-1878), Democratic
6: Thomas E. Stewart (1824-1904), Conservative Republican
7: John W. Chanler (1826-1877), Democratic
8: James Brooks (1810-1873), Democratic
9: Fernando Wood (1812-1881), Democratic
10: William H. Robertson (1823-1898), Republican
11: Charles H. Van Wyck (1824-1895), Republican
12: John H. Ketcham (1832-1906), Republican
13: Thomas Cornell (1814-1890), Republican
14: John V. L. Pruyn (1811-1877), Democratic
15: John A. Griswold (1822-1872), Republican
16: Orange Ferriss (1814-1894), Republican
17: Calvin T. Hulburd (1809-1897), Republican
18: James M. Marvin (1809-1901), Republican
19: William C. Fields (1804-1882), Republican
20: Addison H. Laflin (1823-1878), Republican
21: Roscoe Conkling (1829-1888), Republican …resigned March 4, 1867.
21: Alexander H. Bailey (1817-1874), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated November 30, 1867.
22: John C. Churchill (1821-1905), Republican
23: Dennis McCarthy (1814-1886), Republican
24: Theodore M. Pomeroy (1824-1905), Republican
25: William H. Kelsey (1812-1879), Republican
26: William S. Lincoln (1813-1893), Republican
27: Hamilton Ward, Sr. (1829-1898), Republican
28: Lewis Selye (1803-1883), Independent Republican
29: Burt Van Horn (1823-1896), Republican
30: James M. Humphrey (1819-1899), Democratic
31: Henry H. Van Aernam (1819-1894), Republican

[edit] North Carolina

Senate

3: John Pool (1826-1884), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 17, 1868.
2: Joseph C. Abbott (1825-1881), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 17, 1868.

House of Representatives (7seats)

1: John R. French (1819-1890), Republican
2: David Heaton (1823-1870), Republican
3: Oliver H. Dockery (1830-1906), Republican
4: John T. Deweese (1835-1906), Republican
5: Israel G. Lash (1810-1878), Republican
6: Nathaniel Boyden (1796-1873), Conservative
7: Alexander H. Jones (1822-1901), Republican

[edit] Ohio

Senate

1: Benjamin F. Wade (1800-1878), Republican
3: John Sherman (1823-1900), Republican

House of Representatives (19 seats)

1: Benjamin Eggleston (1816-1888), Republican
2: Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893), Republican ...resigned July 20, 1867.

Samuel F. Cary (1814-1900), Independent Republican...elected to fill vacancy, seated November 21, 1867.
3: Robert C. Schenck (1809-1890), Republican
4: William Lawrence (1819-1899), Republican
5: William Mungen (1821-1887), Democratic
6: Reader W. Clarke (1812-1872), Republican
7: Samuel Shellabarger (1817-1896), Republican
8: Cornelius S. Hamilton (1821-1867), Republican ...died December 22, 1867.

John Beatty (1828-1914), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated February 5, 1868.
9: Ralph P. Buckland (1812-1892), Republican
10: James M. Ashley (1824-1896), Republican
11: John T. Wilson (1811-1891), Republican
12: Philadelph Van Trump (1810-1874), Democratic
13: George W. Morgan (1820-1893), Democratic …contested election, served until June 3, 1868.

Columbus Delano (1809-1896), Republican ...contested election, seated June 3, 1868.
14: Martin Welker (1819-1902), Republican
15: Tobias A. Plants (1811-1887), Republican
16: John A. Bingham (1815-1900), Republican
17: Ephraim R. Eckley (1811-1908), Republican
18: Rufus P. Spalding (1798-1886), Republican
19: James A. Garfield (1831-1881), Republican

[edit] Oregon

Senate

2: George H. Williams (1823-1910), Republican
3: Henry W. Corbett (1827-1903), Republican

House of Representatives (1 seat)

A/L: Rufus Mallory (1831-1914), Republican

[edit] Pennsylvania

Senate

1: Charles R. Buckalew (1821-1899), Democratic
3: Simon Cameron (1799-1889), Republican

House of Representatives (24 seats)

1: Samuel J. Randall (1828-1890), Democratic
2: Charles O'Neill (1821-1893), Republican
3: Leonard Myers (1827-1905), Republican
4: William D. Kelley (1814-1890), Republican
5: Caleb N. Taylor (1813-1887), Republican
6: Benjamin M. Boyer (1823-1887), Democratic
7: John M. Broomall (1816-1894), Republican
8: J. Lawrence Getz (1821-1891), Democratic
9: Thaddeus Stevens (1792-1868), Republican ...died August 11, 1868.

Oliver J. Dickey (1823-1876), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 7, 1868.
10: Henry L. Cake (1827-1899), Republican
11: Daniel M. Van Auken (1826-1908), Democratic
12: Charles Denison (1818-1867), Democratic ...died June 27, 1867.

George W. Woodward (1809-1875), Democratic ...elected to fill vacancy, seated November 21, 1867.
13: Ulysses Mercur (1818-1887), Republican
14: George F. Miller (1809-1885), Republican
15: Adam J. Glossbrenner (1810-1889), Democratic
16: William H. Koontz (1830-1911), Republican
17: Daniel J. Morrell (1821-1885), Republican
18: Stephen F. Wilson (1821-1897), Republican
19: Glenni W. Scofield (1817-1891), Republican
20: Darwin A. Finney (1814-1868), Republican ...died August 25, 1868.

S. Newton Pettis (1827-1900), Republican ...elected to fill vacancy, seated December 7, 1868.
21: John Covode (1808-1871), Republican
22: James K. Moorhead (1806-1884), Republican
23: Thomas Williams (1806-1872), Republican
24: George V. Lawrence (1818-1904), Republican

[edit] Rhode Island

Senate

2: Henry B. Anthony (1815-1884), Republican
1: William Sprague (1830-1915), Republican

House of Representatives (2 seats)

1: Thomas A. Jenckes (1818-1875), Republican
2: Nathan F. Dixon, Jr. (1812-1881), Republican

[edit] South Carolina

Senate

2: Thomas J. Robertson (1823-1897), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 20, 1868.
3: Frederick A. Sawyer (1822-1891), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 22, 1868.

House of Representatives (4 seats)

1: B. Frank Whittemore (1824-1894), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.
2: Christopher C. Bowen (1832-1880), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 20, 1868.
3: M. Simeon Corley (1823-1902), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 25, 1868.
4: James H. Goss (1820-1886), Republican ...readmitted state, seated July 18, 1868.

[edit] Tennessee

Senate

2: Joseph S. Fowler (1820-1902), Republican
1: David T. Patterson (1818-1891), Democratic

House of Representatives (8 seats)

1: Roderick R. Butler (1827-1902), Republican ...seated June 26, 1868.
2: Horace Maynard (1814-1882), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
3: William B. Stokes (1814-1897), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
4: James Mullins (1807-1873), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
5: John Trimble (1812-1884), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
6: Samuel M. Arnell (1833-1903), Republican ...seated November 25, 1867.
7: Isaac R. Hawkins (1818-1880), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.
8: David A. Nunn (1833-1918), Republican ...seated November 21, 1867.

[edit] Texas

Senate

1: vacant
2: vacant

House of Representatives (4 seats)

all seats vacant

[edit] Vermont

Senate

1: George F. Edmunds (1828-1919), Republican
3: Justin S. Morrill (1810-1898), Republican

House of Representatives (3 seats)

1: Frederick E. Woodbridge (1818-1888), Republican
2: Luke P. Poland (1815-1887), Republican
3: Worthington C. Smith (1823-1894), Republican

[edit] Virginia

Senate

1: vacant
2: vacant

House of Representatives (8 seats)

all seats vacant

[edit] West Virginia

Senate

1: Peter G. Van Winkle (1808-1872), Republican
2: Waitman T. Willey (1811-1900), Republican

House of Representatives (3 seats)

1: Chester D. Hubbard (1814-1891), Republican
2: Bethuel M. Kitchen (1812-1895), Republican
3: Daniel H. Polsley (1803-1877), Republican

[edit] Wisconsin

Senate

1: James R. Doolittle (1815-1897), Republican
3: Timothy O. Howe (1816-1883), Republican

House of Representatives (6 seats)

1: Halbert E. Paine (1826-1905), Republican
2: Benjamin F. Hopkins (1829-1870), Republican
3: Amasa Cobb (1823-1905), Republican
4: Charles A. Eldredge (1820-1896), Democratic
5: Philetus Sawyer (1816-1900), Republican
6: Cadwallader C. Washburn (1818-1882), Republican

[edit] Delegates

Arizona Territory

A/L: Coles Bashford (1816-1878), Independent

Colorado Territory

A/L: George M. Chilcott (1828-1891), Republican ...contested election, seated March 20, 1867.

Dakota Territory

A/L: Walter A. Burleigh (1820-1896), Republican

Idaho Territory

A/L: Edward D. Holbrook (1836-1870), Democratic

Montana Territory

A/L: James M. Cavanaugh (1823-1879), Democratic

New Mexico Territory

A/L: Charles P. Clever (1830-1874), Democratic …contested election, served until February 20, 1869.

J. Francisco Chaves (1833-1904), Republican ...contested election, seated February 20, 1869.

Utah Territory

A/L: William H. Hooper (1813-1882), Democratic

Washington Territory

A/L: Alvan Flanders (1825-1884), Republican

[edit] References

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.