21st Panzer Division (Germany)
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The 21st Panzer Division was a German armoured division best known for its role in the battles of the North African Campaign from 1941-1943 during World War II when it was one of the two armoured divisions making up the Afrika Korps.
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[edit] Origins
Created as 5th Light Division or 5th Light Afrika Division in Africa in early 1941, from an ad hoc collection of smaller units rushed to support the collapsing Italian Forces in Cyrenaica, Libya.
It was formed from elements of the 3rd Panzer Division, the unit initially earmarked for North Africa in the summer of 1940.
The first unit designated to move was the 39th Panzerjager (anti-tank) Battalion. This was a motorised unit with halftracks and trucks to tow heavy equipment, including nine Pak 36 37mm and two Pak 50mm guns. The armoured element, 5th Panzer Regiment, was moved from the 3rd Panzer Division. Its strength included 20 PzKpfw IV's, 75 PzKpfw III's, 45 Pzkpfw II's and 25 Pzkpfw I Ausf B tanks which included a number of Command vehicles - even with these seemingly impressive numbers the unit was understrength. The infantry forces came in the shape of the 200th Rifle (Schutzen) Regiment, and the only artillery unit supplied was a single battalion of 75th Artillery Regiment. The Divisional staff, again all the 3rd Panzer Division were the Chief of Staff officer Major Hauser and intelligence officer Hauptmann Von Kluge.
The formation was officially named on 18 February 1941, and its first divisional commander was Knight's Cross winner Generalmajor Johannes Streich, who had commanded the 15th Panzer regiment during the successful French Campaign in 1940. By this time most of the units had arrived in Tripoli, but the last tank elements were not deployed until after 11 March, missing the first battles of Rommel's Cyrenaica offensive.
The 5th Light did not have a full establishment of tanks immediately following its deployment. Having only 150 tanks of all types of which 130 were actually combat worthy, and the rest being an assortment of command and unarmed observer vehicles.
Despite the slow build-up, due largely to the fact most of the Wehrmacht's reinforcements were now directed to the Eastern Front to support Operation Barbarossa, by September 1941 the 5th Light Division was now at Panzer Division strength. It was then renamed the 21st Panzer Division.
Throughout its war in the Desert, the Afrika Korps's (DAK) units were nearly always understrength, made up of any men and equipment that was available.
[edit] North Africa
[edit] 1941
Still known as 5th Light Division, the unit was somewhat fortunate in the early skirmishes with the British Army. The British Western Desert Force had captured Tobruk on 21 January 1941 and General Richard O'Connor was poised to cut off and destroy the Italian Forces in Cyrenaica and move on to Tripoli. The loss of this vital supply base would effectively eliminate all the Axis forces from North Africa.
For the Axis Powers, fortune intervened, as O'Connor was ordered by Commander in Chief Archibald Wavell to rest and replenish his forces delaying the advance for two weeks. The British resumed their advance on 4 February. Benghazi and Beda Fromm both fell on 7 February despite a determined resistance by the 21st Italian motorized corps. El Agheila followed on 8 February. The British attempt to clear North Africa of Axis Forces were stifled by their own government, who responded to the Greek government's request for aid against a possible German invasion by withdrawing considerable parts of the Desert force (now named XIII Corps) to Greece and suspending operations in Libya. This respite gave the Germans and demoralised Italian forces time to recover.
On 2 March 1941 the first 88mm dual purpose artillery guns arrived and provided much needed fire power.
Although DAK's commander Erwin Rommel was under strict orders that the unit must remain defensive, the daring German commander ordered an attack on 31 March by the '5th Light' that turned into a major offensive success, as the British began a retreat that would, by April, see German forces pushing into Egypt after an advance of some 600 miles [1].
The disarray of the British forces was compounded by a change in command, as Lieutenant-General Phillip Neame VC, an officer with a good reputation but inexperienced in desert fighting, was captured and replaced by Lieutenant-General O'Connor, and the highly experienced 7th Armoured Division was replaced by the newly formed 2nd Armoured Division.
After officially being renamed the 21st Panzer Division, the unit did not enjoy any particular success throughout the remainder of the year. The British regrouped and reinforced up to a complement of seven divisions organised as two corps (XIII and XXX Corps) forming Eighth Army, launched Operation Crusader on 18 November which by the end of the year had forced Erwin Rommel to retreat to El Agheila, allowing the British to re-occupy Cyrenaica. However, the division, along with 15th Panzer Division, did score a notable victory on 22 November over XXX Corps (and in particular the 7th Armoured Division) at Sidi Rezegh and broke through back to the Egyptian border posing a major threat to 8th Army's continued existence in North Africa. However, over-stretched supply lines and the urgent need to assist the Axis forces around Tobruk which were being hard-pressed by XIII Corps, obliged them to withdraw. On returning to Sidi Rezegh the division lost its experienced commander Major-General Johann von Ravenstein on 29 November, who was captured while performing a reconnaissance.
Although joined by the Afrika Division (officially re-named as the 90th Light Infantry Division on 27 November 1941), a unit which was also made up from an assortment of smaller formations in August 1941, the German forces in this theatre were vulnerable.
[edit] 1942
In the early months of 1942 the supply situation improved, with the British island fortress of Malta coming under intense air attacks allowing supply convoys from Italy to get through.
The British Operation Acrobat was initiated to drive the DAK back to Tripoli, but a quick counter offensive by Rommel surprised the British and pushed them back out of Cyrenaica. Reaching Derna by 3 February, the 21st Panzer was the linchpin of the assault. Just days earlier on 30 January 1942, Major General Georg von Bismarck was appointed as the new divisional commander.
More success followed. On 5 June Gazala was taken and during the heavy fighting of 20-21 June the 21st Panzer along with the 90th Light Division and the 15th Panzer Division broke through the centre of the British lines surrounding Tobruk, capturing nearly 35,000 prisoners[2]. As a result the British Eighth Army fell back.
The fighting had taken its toll on the division however, with the 15th Panzer and 21th Panzer only able to field 44 tanks between them, and four-fifths of the transport vehicles having been captured when they crossed into Egypt.
The British prepared a new defense line at Mersa Matruh, on 26 June. Rommel, again using 21st Panzer to spearhead the assault, defeated the British defenses and pushed them back to a new line at El Alamein.
On 3 July, the British resistance broke Rommel's impressive progress. With the 21st Panzer leading the assault to outflank the British defenses on 31 July during the Battle of Alam Halfa, the Germans were again repulsed ending the DAK's lightning advances. In a series of battles in this area the 21st Panzer's Commander Von Bismarck was killed by British mortar fire in August 1942 and Oberst C.H. Lungerhausen took command until Major General Heinz von Randow arrived on 18 September.
El Alamein was the beginning of the end of German successes in the Desert. Now vastly outnumbered the war became a battle of attrition the Germans could not win, as the British were now equipped with new M4 Sherman tanks armed with a 75 mm high velocity gun, making it capable of penetrating the armour of any German vehicle.
On 23 October, the British offensive and the Second Battle of El Alamein began, the Germans were overwhelmed and the 21st Panzer would be down to only four tanks by 7 November. During the long retreat to Tunisia the 21st Panzer fought the rear guard actions.
To compound German problems, the Americans landed in Morocco and Algeria during Operation Torch and Panzerarmee Afrika, as it was now called, was threatened with annihilation, as it would be caught in a vice.
On 21 December another Divisional Commander was killed, Major General von Randow.
[edit] 1943
By the time it reached Tunis, 21st Panzer had ceased to exist as a cohesive unit and was split up into Battle Groups (Kampfgruppen) Pfeiffer and Gruen. The names were changed again to Battle Groups Stenkhoff and Schuette.
The last operational success in Africa for the German forces came during February 1943 when they won a notable victory against American forces at the Kasserine Pass.
Major General Von Hulsen surrendered the remnants of the division on 13 May 1943.
[edit] Rebirth
Preparations
Reconstituted in France within months of the loss of the original division on 15 July 1943 where it remained there for rehabilitation and garrison duty until the Allied landings at Normandy, whereupon it was heavily engaged in the fighting at the Normandy beachheads, being the only Panzer division to engage the Allies on the first day. The new division's commander was Oberst Edgar Feuchtinger[3] who was promoted Generalmajor on 1 August and Generalleutenant (equivalent to Major-General) exactly a year later.[4]
Formed largely from occupation troops, it was designed as a fast moving unit to counter a fast moving invasion army, therefore it became known as a Schnell Division West (Fast Division West). It was equipped with Tanks, Halftracks, Self-propelled artillery and Trucks.
The only unit specially formed for the division was the 305th Army Flak Battalion. The 1st Battalion of this unit was now fully equipped with four companies of 88mm guns mounted on half tracks and two companies of 20mm guns, also mounted on halftracks. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions were equipped with 150mm Hummels. The Division did operate mainly captured French Tanks, which were supposed to have been replaced by three companies of 22 PzKpfw III's per Battalion and one company of 22 PzKpfw IV's. This transfer was not carried out until the first weeks of May 1944 and even then the Battalions only received 17 Mark III's and 14 Mark IV's.
As in North Africa the unit fell under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, the famous Desert Fox, now responsible for all German forces from the Netherlands to the Loire.
[edit] Normandy
1944
Rommel believed that the invasion needed to be stopped on the beaches, von Rundstedt, along with Heinz Guderian disagreed. Hitler vacillated and placed them in the middle, far enough to be useless to Rommel, not far enough for von Rundstedt. As a result of this the 21 Panzer was placed near Caen, in the area of the British landings. The SS units that were supposed to supports the division could not be released as they were under Hitler's direct command.
For the first day of the Allied landings the 21 Panzer operated alone hampered by enemy air attacks, it managed to find and engage British Paratroop forces at Ranville. The division gave the British a hard fight until it received orders to withdraw in the late morning.
Ordered to check the British advance on Caen in the evening the Germans succeeded in reaching the coast at Lion-sur-Mer and driving a wedge between the 3rd British and 3rd Canadian Division.
Rommel had been away from the front during the first days of the invasion but had arrived back and assumed command on 9 June. The division was grouped with two SS units under the command of Sepp Dietrich which were to push Northwest to retake Bayeux but this plan was abandoned when the divisional staff were killed in a bombing raid.
The last major action the 21 Panzer took part in on the Western front was the stubborn resistance it gave the Guards Armoured Division during Operation Bluecoat, on 1 August 1944.
The surviving forces of the 21 Panzer were then largely destroyed in the 'Falaise Pocket' the remnants of the unit then merged 16th Luftwaffe Field Division.
In September 1944 the unit was again reformed by expanding the 112th Panzer Brigade with the 100th Panzer Regiment, which had been equipped with two companies of Panther tanks and two companies of PzKpfw IV's. The much reduced division took part in the retreat to the German border and fought notable defensive battles in Epinel, Nancy, Metz and the Saar area. It was withdrawn to refit in Kaiserslautern.
[edit] Eastern Front
1945
On 25 January 1945 the division was reformed as a much reduced Panzer Division, reminiscent of its 'African' days. The last commander was Oberst Helmut Zollenkopf. The unit contained just a single battalion, based on the 22 Panzer Regiment. It contained one Flak platoon, two Panther Tanks companies as well as two more of PzKpfw IV tanks, the last recorded delivery of reinforcements was made on 9 February 1945 when it was redeployed to the Eastern Front. It fought the advancing Red Army at Goerlitz, Slatsk, Cottbus, inflicting heavy losses. Exhausted and lacking any servicable tanks the unit surrendered to the Soviets on 29 April 1945, the day before Adolf Hitler's suicide in his Berlin Bunker.
[edit] Units of 21st Panzer Division (June 1944)
Commander: Lieutenant General Edgar Feuchtinger
- 22 Panzer Regiment (Colonel Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski)
- I Panzer Battalion
- II Panzer Battalion
- 125 Panzer Grenadier Regiment (Major Hans von Luck)
- I Panzer Grenadier Battalion
- II Panzer Grenadier Battalion
- 192 Panzer Grenadier Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Rauch)
- I Panzer Grenadier Battalion
- II Panzer Grenadier Battalion
- 155 Panzer Artillery Regiment (Colonel Huehne)
- I Panzer Artillery Battalion
- II Panzer Artillery Battalion
- III Panzer Artillery Battalion
- 21 Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion (Major Waldow)
- 200 Assault Gun Battalion (Major Becker)
- 200 Anti-tank Battalion
- 200 Panzer Signals Battalion
- 220 Panzer Engineer Battalion (Major Hoegl)
- 305 Flak Battalion (Major Ohlend)
[edit] See also
- 5th Light Infantry Division, (unrelated unit with a confusingly similar name)
- Deutsches Afrikakorps, Western Desert Campaign, North Africa Campaign
- Panzer, Panzer Division
- Division (military), Military unit
- Wehrmacht, List of German divisions in WWII
- Hans von Luck
[edit] References
Note: The Web references may require you to follow links to cover the unit's entire history.
- Bernage, Georges (2002). Red Devils In Normandy. Heimdal, 9. ISBN 2-84048-159-6.
- Hickman, Mark. Pegasus Archive. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
- von Mellenthin, Major General F. W. [1956] (1971). Panzer Battles: A Study of the Employment of Armor in the Second World War, First Ballantine Books Edition, New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-24440-0.
- Pipes, Jason. Feldgrau.com: 21.Panzer-Division. Retrieved on 2005-04-03.
- Wendel, Marcus (2005). Axis History Factbook: 21. Panzer-Division. Retrieved on 2005-04-03.
- Taylor, AJP (1974). History of World War Two. London: Octopus. ISBN 9780706403992.
- Ellis, Chris (2001). 21st Panzer Division - Rommel's Afrika Korps Spearhead. Hersham: Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2853-2.
[edit] Notes
- ^ History of World War Two; AJP Taylor, Octopus;1974
- ^ 21st Panzer Division - Rommel's Afrika Korps Spearhead, Chris Ellis, Allan Publishing, ISBN 0-7110-2853-2
- ^ 21st Panzer Division - Rommel's Afrika Korps Spearhead, Chris Ellis, Allan Publishing, ISBN 0-7110-2853-2
- ^ Pipes, Jason. German Officer Biographies. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
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