1979 Nepalese student protests

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The 1979 student protests in Nepal (Nepali: 2036 Saal ko Aandolan (२०३६ सालको आन्दोलन)[1]) were a series of protests amongst the student community in Nepal during the months of April and May 1979 (2036 B.S.). The clashes that occurred had a significant historical impact, as it forced the monarchy to concede to holding a referendum on the possibility of a multiparty system in the country. Official figures stated that 11 persons were killed during the agitation, and 164 wounded.[2]

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[edit] April 6 rally

On April 6 a group of students demonstrated in the capital Kathmandu, protesting against the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan. As the manifestation came nearer the Pakistani embassy, the student procession was stopped by police at Lainchour.[3] Reportedly, the police blocked the students as King Birendra's vehicle was travelling nearby.[4] Clashes between students and riot police occurred.

[edit] Spark of protests

After the violent clashes of April 6, representatives of the student community composed a list of 22 demands to the authorities, urging an end to police repression against the student movement. A series of other protests were held by students in the days to come. In an effort to quell the dissent, the authorities decided to close the campuses in Kathmandu valley between April 13 and April 21.

On April 9 a three-member Student Action Committee was formed, consisting of Bal Bahadur K.C. of Nepal Students Union (connected to Nepali Congress), Shai Lak Karki of the Nepal National Students Federation (connected to the pro-Soviet Communist Party) and Tanka Karki[5] of the All Nepal National Free Students Union (connected to the pro-Chinese communist stream).[1][4]

[edit] April 23 Ascol clashes

On April 23 students of the Amrit Science College (Ascol) held a public manifestation, protesting against violence committed by the pro-government outfit Rashtravadi Swatantra Vidhyarthi Mandal (nicknamed mandales). At that manifestation, the police not only decided to break up the demonstration in the open areas of the campus, but surrounded the entire area and began violently assaulting the students. Sources from the student community claimed that two or three students were killed by the police. Police sources, on their hand, claimed that 64 amongst their ranks had been injured in the clashes.

Following the Amrit Science College clashes, the authorities took a decision that would essentially turn local student unrest in the capital into a national rebellion. They decided to close the campuses and student hostels; students were given 24 hours to clear their rooms. Students from remote areas left the capital to return to their family residences. To their villages and hometowns they brought news about the brutality of the state forces, and soon protests began to appear around the country.[6]

[edit] Nationwide escalation

On April 27 a visit by a minister to Hetauda sparked protests by the local population. Demonstrators held the minister incommunicado for ten hours. The crowd was broken up by police firing. Official records say that three demonstrators were killed, but opposition sources claimed that the death toll could have reached 17. The morning after, the state forces clamped down on known opposition leaders in the capital, arresting several prominent figures. Former Prime Minister B.P. Koirala was placed under house arrest.

The unrest then gained momentum and spread throughout the country. Protests occurred in Bhaktapur, Patan, Bharatpur, Birganj, Kalaiya, Janakpur, Biratnagar, Rajbirah, Siraha, Sarlahi, Pokhara and Syangja. In total, clashes occurred in 37 out of 75 districts of Nepal. The education minister, Pashupati Shamsher Rana, resigned.[7]

[edit] Royal commission and negotiations

On May 2 King Birendra, in response to the protests, formed a five-member commission to present a report on how to deal with student movement. On May 2-3, 160 students arrested during the protests were released. The royal commission suggested giving in to the students' demands concerning academic issues, and on May 9 the 64 remaining arrested students were released alongside political opposition leaders.[8]

The Student Action Committee was able to reach an agreement with the royal commission, including abolishing the 1972 new education policy, scrapping entrance exams for universities, giving the right to form independent student unions and abolishing the Mandales. The Student Action Committee on their behalf urged fellow students to return to the campuses.[4][9]

[edit] May 22 Ascol rally

On May 22 some 3000 students gather at Amrit Science College to hear the outcomes of the negotiations between the Student Action Committee and the authorities. At the meeting members of more radical sector of the students movement, the All Nepal National Free Students Union, charged that the Student Action Committee had sold out to the regime. Bal Bahadur K.C. and Saran Malla of the pro-Congress Nepal Students Union got their faces covered in black paint and were forced to wear garlands of shoes (Shai Lal Karki, also singled out as a traitor by the radical students, was absent at the occasion).[4] Then they were put on a push-cart, and pulled around the city streets in humiliation. As the students paraded the streets of the capital, shouting slogans demanding direct dialogue with the king (instead of dialogue via the royal commission), bystanders joined the procession. At its peak, the crowd counted 20-30 000. It sacked offices of government newspapers and set fire to vehicles of Royal Nepal Airlines. The situation turned violent, as police tried to rescue the two student leaders from the crowd.[9] Army forces were called in to disperse the crowds, as riot police in capital had been seriously weakened as large numbers of policemen had been transferred to quell the uprising in the districts. The army opened fire on the demonstrators. Government sources later claimed that whilst five demonstrators had been injured, forty policemen had been injured. One of them later died.[10]

[edit] Royal declaration on plebiscite

On May 23 King Birendra made a public declaration that a referendum with universal adult suffrage with secret vote would be held in which the people of Nepal would be able to choose between introducing a multiparty system or retain the non-party panchayat regime. The referendum was held on May 2, 1980.[11]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Students and Politicians in '36 Saal ko Aandolan' 9 May 1999
  2. ^ Brown, T. Louise. The Challenge to Democracy in Nepal: A Political History. London: Routledge, 1995. p. 90
  3. ^ The Nation-wide Students Movement of 1979 2003
  4. ^ a b c d A Crisis in Nepali Student Politics? Analyzing the Gap between Politically Active and Non-Active Students 2005, Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Volume 1, Issue 2
  5. ^ Currently appointed as the ambassador of Nepal to China.
  6. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh. Politics in Nepal 1980-1990. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1990. p. 48-49.
  7. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh. Politics in Nepal 1980-1990. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1990. p. 49, 51.
  8. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh. Politics in Nepal 1980-1990. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1990. p. 50.
  9. ^ a b Baral, Lok Raj. Nepal 1979: Political System in Crisis in Asian Survey, Vol. 20, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1979: Part II. (Feb., 1980), pp. 197-205.
  10. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh. Politics in Nepal 1980-1990. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1990. p. 51.
  11. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh. Politics in Nepal 1980-1990. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, 1990. p. 51, 69.
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