1931 China floods

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1931 China floods
Duration July – November 1931 (depending on river)[1]
Damages Unestimatable
Fatalities 2,000,000-4,000,000
Areas affected Yellow river, Yangtze river, Huai river

The 1931 China floods or the Central China flood of 1931 is a series of floods that occurred during the Nanjing decade in the Republic of China era. It is generally thought to be the deadliest natural disaster ever recorded, and almost certainly of the 20th century, when pandemics are discounted. The flood has been called the greatest disaster to visit China.[2] The human casualties are estimated from lows of 400,000[3] to highs of 3.7 million to 4 million.[4][5][6]

Contents

[edit] Weather history

From 1928 to 1930 a long drought preceded the flood.[6] By some accounts abnormal weather over central China began in the winter months of late 1930. Heavy snowstorms in the winter were followed by spring thaw/defrost with heavy rains that raised the river levels even higher. The rain increased into July and August of 1931.[2] In July alone 7 cyclones hit the region, on average two occur per year.[2]

[edit] Death toll, damages

A wide range of numbers and statistics can be found in numerous sources. The general figures are high. The numbers also vary depending on the rivers. The majority of major rivers in China all flooded such as the Yellow river, Yangtze river, and the Huai river.

[edit] Yellow river

The Yellow river has historically been considered the "Cradle of Chinese Civilization". Major floods in this river generally have catastrophic agricultural, economic and social impact. The yellow river flood occurred between July to November 1931.[1] Estimates of the number of people killed in the flood range generally range from 1 to 2 million. Figures have shown about 1 million people died of drowning.[1] Some listed the yellow river death toll alone to be as high as 4 million.[4]

The river completely inundated 87,000 km2. It partially inundated 20,000 km2, and left 80 million people homeless.[1]

[edit] Yangtze river

The worst period was from July to August.[6] In July alone, four weather stations along the Yangtze river reported rain totaling over 2 ft for the month.[2]

The casualties of Yangtze river drainage region reached 145,000 and affected 28.5 million.[7]

[edit] Huai river

The Yangtze along with the Huai river flood rendered Nanjing city, capital of China at the time, an island in a massive flood zone.[2] Millions died of drowning or from diseases such as cholera and typhus. Wives and daughters were sold, and local residents reported infanticide and cannibalism in stark details to the government.[2] Some of the cities affected included Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hankou, Wuhan, Hanyang, Chongqing. The high watermark was reached on August 19 at Hankou with the level exceeding 53 ft above normal. Comparatively this is an average of 5.6 ft above the Shanghai Bund.[2][8] On the evening of August 25 the water through the Grand Canal washed away dikes near Gaoyou lake. Some 200,000 people drowned in their sleep.[2]

[edit] Government reactions

[edit] Republic era (1930s - 1940s)

The "Huai river conservancy Commission" is one example of a commission promoted by the Nationalist Government to address flood problems.[2] Due to the Second Sino-Japanese war, the Chinese Civil War and the lack of funding, the government only emphasized on small dams along the Yangzte river.[9]

[edit] People's Republic era (post 1950)

In 1953 Mao Zedong took a trip to the Yangzte river and said:

“ The Socialist Three Gorges Dam project should excel other major projects in Chinese history such as Qin Shi Huang's Great Wall and Shui Yang Di's Grand Canal.[9] ”

Scientists and officials who raised doubts, like Chen Mingshu, were persecuted as rightists. Li Siguang, a prominent scientist and minister of geological resources, told Mao he would commit suicide if he could not stop the construction of the Three Gorges Dam project.[9]

The project did not move beyond planning stage in the Mao era due to Sino-Soviet conflicts and other events of the 1960s such as the Great Leap Forward. China also did not have the resource to build such a dam at the time.[9]

[edit] Other floods to follow

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d Chang, Mingteh. [2003] (2003). Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests. CRC Press. Hydrology, Forest. ISBN 0849313635. pg 2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pietz, David. [2002] (2002). Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist Chine 1927-1937. Routledge. ISBN 0415933889. pg xvii, pg 61-70
  3. ^ 中国水灾年表1931-1949年
  4. ^ a b NOAA News Online (Story 334b)
  5. ^ NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge
  6. ^ a b c Glantz, Mickey. Glantz, Michael H. [2003] (2003). Climate Affairs: A Primer. Island Press. ISBN:1559639199. pg 252.
  7. ^ 中国水利网 -> 激浪视线
  8. ^ Winchester, Simon. [2004] (2004). The River at the Center of the World: A Journey Up the Yangtze, and Back in Chinese Time. Macmillan. ISBN:0312423373.
  9. ^ a b c d Li, Cheng. Barnett, Arthur Doak. [1997] (1997). Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN:0847683389. pg 168-169.
  10. ^ Kueh, Y. Y. [1995] (1995). Agricultural Instability in China, 1931-1991: Weather, Technology, and Institutions. Oxford University Press. ISBN:0198287771. pg 182.

[edit] External links