Floods in the United States: 1901-2000

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Floods in the United States are generally caused by excessive rainfall, excessive snowmelt, and dam failure. Below is a list of flood events that were of significant impact to the country, between 1901 and 2000.

Contents 1 Decade of the 1900s 1.1 Willow Creek, Oregon Flash Flood - June 1903 1.2 Michigan Flood - March 1904 1.3 California Flood - 1906 1.4 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Flood - March 1907 1.5 Michigan Flood - March 1908 1.6 California Flood - 1909 2 Decade of the 1910s 2.1 Austin, Pennsylvania Dam Failure - September 1911 2.2 Ohio Flood - March 1913 2.2.1 Dayton area 2.2.2 Columbus area 2.2.3 Southern Ohio 2.3 Southeast Floods - July 1916 2.4 Ohio River Flood - February 1918 3 Decade of the 1920s 3.1 Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 3.2 New England Flood - November 1927 4 Decade of the 1930s 4.1 Northeast Flood - Spring 1936 4.2 Ohio/Great Miami River Flood - January 1937 4.3 Santa Ana, California Flood - February 1937 4.4 Northeast California Flood - December 1937 4.5 Los Angeles Flood of 1938 4.6 Battle Creek, Michigan Flood - June 1938 5 Decade of the 1940s 5.1 Oklahoma/Arkansas Flood - 1945 5.2 Michigan Flood - April 1947 6 Decade of the 1950s 6.1 Great Flood of 1951 in Kansas 6.2 California Flood - 1955 7 Decade of the 1960s 7.1 Michigan Flood - April/May 1960 7.2 New Hampshire Flood - April 1960 7.3 California Flood - 1962 7.4 North Coast California Tsunami - March 1964 7.5 California Flood - December 1964 7.6 December 1964 flood in the Pacific Northwest 7.7 April 1965 flood of the Upper Mississippi River 7.8 July 4 1969 Flood in Ohio 7.9 Hurricane Camille Flood in Virginia 1969 8 Decade of the 1970s 8.1 Southeast Oklahoma Flood - December 1971 8.2 Rapid City, South Dakota Flood - June 1972 8.3 Hurricane Agnes Flood - June 1972 8.4 Michigan Floods - April 1975 8.5 Big Thompson Canyon Flood (July 1976) 8.6 Kansas City Flash Flood of 1977 - September 1977 8.7 New England Flood - 1978 8.8 Tropical Storm Amelia Floods of August 1978 9 Decade of the 1980s 9.1 Lower Mississippi Flood of 1983 9.2 Utah Flood of 1983 9.3 Flooding in the central Appalachians - November 1985 9.4 Northern California and Western Nevada Floods of February 1986 9.5 Michigan Floods - September 1986 9.6 Androscoggin River Flood - April 1987 10 Decade of the 1990s 10.1 May to September 1992 Alaska Floods 10.2 Great Flood of 1993 along Mississippi River 10.3 Tropical Storm Alberto (1994) Floods in the Southeast 10.4 California Flood - January and March 1995 10.5 May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood 10.6 Northeast United States Flood of January 1996 10.7 Willamette Valley Flood of 1996 10.8 New England Flood - October 1996 10.9 Northern California Flood of New Year's Day 1997 10.10 Ohio River Valley Flood of March 1997 10.11 1997 Red River Flood 10.12 Fort Collins, Colorado Flood of July 1997 10.13 Central and South Texas Flood of October 1998 10.14 Hurricane Floyd Floods in East - September 1999 11 See also 12 References 13 Related links

[edit] Decade of the 1900s

[edit] Willow Creek, Oregon Flash Flood - June 1903

The third deadliest flash flood in US history, the normally placid Willow Creek burst its banks during an intense rain and hail storm. The city of Heppner, at the foothills of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon, was almost completely destroyed. 220 of Heppner's 1,400 residents died in the flood.^[1]

[edit] Michigan Flood - March 1904

Flooding was more significant along the Grand, Saginaw, Kalamazoo, and River Raisin river basins than the St. Joseph and Huron River basins. In Lansing, it was the worst flood in the previous 135 years of its history. Many dams were either undermined or swept away. Kalamazoo saw two square miles of flooding during this event. ^[2]

It was also considered the most destructive flood in Grand Rapids history. The Grand River went above bankfull on the night of March 24, rising slowly for the next four days. It broke the previous high water mark by over 60 cm (2 ft), and was considered a once in 100 year flood. Over one-half of the population on the west side of the river was inundated. On the east bank of the river, numerous factories went underwater. There was one casualty. Damages totaled US$1.8 million (1904 dollars). To the left is an image showing the flooding in Battle Creek. ^[3]

[edit] California Flood - 1906

A storm in late 1906 reported highest ever rainfalls in a southeast to northwest direction from Monterey to Ione in the Sierra Nevada foothills. An area of 300,000 acres (1,200 km²) was flooded in the Sacramento Valley. ^[4]

[edit] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Flood - March 1907

Snowmelt combined with heavy rains by March 16 allowed the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers to swell out of their banks, leading to a flood of record in Pittsburgh. Damage to the city was estimated at US$5 million (1907 dollars). The death toll was low, with 6-12 perishing during the inundation. ^[5]

[edit] Michigan Flood - March 1908

In February, snowstorms had deposited a significant snowpack across the region. Then, in early March, heavy rains and warmer conditions set in, setting the stage for a flood. The Kalamazoo River flooded Albion when the Homer Dam broke around 3 p.m. on March 7. By midnight, the bridges surrounding town were underwater. Six buildings in Albion collapsed, which caused over US$125,000 in damage (1908 dollars).^{[6] [7]}

[edit] California Flood - 1909

The storm extended from Fort Ross on the coast to the Feather River basin. LaPorte, in the Feather River basin, had 1,458 mm (57.41 in) of rain in 20 days, an event with a return period of 12,000 years. The flood episodes of 1907 and 1909 in California resulted in an overhaul of planned statewide flood control designs. ^[4]

[edit] Decade of the 1910s

[edit] Austin, Pennsylvania Dam Failure - September 1911

Heavy rains filling the Bayless reservoir cracked the concrete dam, sending waters gushing over Austin and through the surrounding valley. A total of 50 perished during the inundation. ^[5]

[edit] Ohio Flood - March 1913

Nearly 254 mm (10 in) of rain during a series of three winter storms led to this flood event, which affected southwest, central, and eastern Ohio, especially cities and towns along the Great Miami River and Olentangy River valleys, as well as Indianapolis, eastern Indiana, and western Pennsylvania. Fires and tornadoes also wrought destruction.

[edit] Dayton area

Main article: Great Dayton Flood

Dayton was totally devastated, being inundated for three days in late March. The floods also put the Ohio and Erie Canal out of business for good, destroying most of the locks and many miles of embankments. The death toll from this flood was 361 with total damages of US$100 million. ^[8]

[edit] Columbus area

On the Olentangy River, this flood broke the previous record for river stage by over 4.5 m (15 ft). In the town of Delaware, Ohio, 50-75 perished when a break in the levee allowed a seven foot-tall (2.13 m) wall of water to sweep through downtown. Five of the town's bridges washed away.

The state capital, Columbus, suffered its worst ever flooding from the Olentangy and Scioto rivers. The Franklinton area on the west side was inundated after a levee broke on March 25th. Four thousand houses were damaged or destroyed, between 90 and 100 lives were lost, and three of four bridges spanning the Scioto River downtown were destroyed (only the Rich Street bridge survived - Town, State and Broad street bridges were destroyed). The owner of The Columbus Dispatch, Robert F. Wolfe, chartered interurban trains to Buckeye Lake some 48 km (30 mi) east of Columbus to retrieve boats to rescue survivors. Flooding also occurred along Alum Creek on the city's east side.

[edit] Southern Ohio

In Chillicothe, Olentangy River flooding carved out a 2-3 m (6-10 ft) deep channel on Hickory Street. 18 lost their lives in the town.

The Ohio river reached a level of 21 m (70 ft) near Higginsport.^[9]

[edit] Southeast Floods - July 1916

[edit] Ohio River Flood - February 1918

Ice jams due to a quick thaw led to this flood. The river stage at Cincinnati climbed to near 19 m (62 ft) during the event. Ice blocks in the river destroyed steamboats on the river, ending the era of steamboat commerce on the Ohio river. ^[10]

[edit] Decade of the 1920s

[edit] Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

From the summer of 1926 into the spring of 1927, heavy rains much greater than normal saturated the ground throughout eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and the Ohio Valley. The White and Little Red rivers broke through the levees in Arkansas in February, flooding over 400 km² (100,000 acres) with 3 to 5 m (10 to 15 ft) of water. ^[11] The first levee break along the Mississippi River occurred a few miles south of Elaine, Arkansas on March 29.^[12] Over the next six weeks, numerous levees broke along the Mississippi River from Illinois to Louisiana, which inundated numerous towns in the Mississippi Valley. The break at Mounds Landing near Greenville, Mississippi was the single greatest crevasse to ever occur along the Mississippi River. It single-handedly flooded an area 80 km (60 mi) wide and 160 km (100 mi) long with up to 6 meters (20 ft) of water. Heavy spring rains caused a second major flood in the same region that June. In all, 73,500 km² (28,500 sq mi) which were home to more than 931,000 people were inundated. The flood finally subsided in August. The massive Red Cross relief effort was directed by then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, which later catapulted him into the presidency and made the New Deal a reality within the next decade.

In order to avoid flooding the city of New Orleans, the governor of Louisiana allowed engineers to create the Poydras cut, which saved the city but led to the flooding of St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes instead. Millions of acres across seven states were flooded. Evacuees totaled 500,000. Economic losses were estimated at US$1 billion (1927 dollars), which was equivalent to almost one-third of the federal budget at that time. Months after the event, perhaps as foreshadowing to the recent Hurricane Katrina disaster, congressmen were still looking for federal aid to help recover from the flood. ^[13]

[edit] New England Flood - November 1927

A late-season tropical cyclone moved through the region on November 3 and November 4, dropping substantial rains across central New England. Vermont was where most of the death and damage was seen during this flood; local rainfall totals reached upwards to near 375 mm (15 in). ^[14] In New Hampshire, the Pemigewasset, Baker, Ammonoosuc, Merrimack and Connecticut rivers went into flood.^[15] Along the Androscoggin River in Maine, floods destroyed the covered bridge in Bethel. A steel bridge replaced the old bridge to accommodate truck traffic across the river. Life was also disrupted in Rumford from this flood.^[16] Damages from the flood totaled US$40 million (1927 dollars). Eighty-five people lost their lives in the flood.

[edit] Decade of the 1930s

[edit] Northeast Flood - Spring 1936

Rain concurrent with snowmelt set the stage for this flood. It affected the entire state of New Hampshire. ^[15] In Maine, a major flood washed out railroad tracks along the Androscoggin River east of Bethel and the industrial section of Rumford. Jay saw its mills and factories along the river damaged. The East Turner bridge was again destroyed. The iron bridge between Lisbon Falls and Durham washed away.^[16] Along the Kennebec River, the Ticonic bridge was washed downstream at Waterville, Maine.^[17] In all, damage totaled US$113 million (1936 dollars), and 24 people were killed. ^[18] Damage was significant along the C&O Canal during the greatest of all Potomac River floods. The flood carried off many of the bridges along the Potomac from Harpers Ferry to Hancock.^[19]

This flood prompted the federal government to assume responsibility for flood control throughout the country. ^[20]

[edit] Ohio/Great Miami River Flood - January 1937

A significant flood struck the region. At Cincinnati, the flood peaked twice within three months, first on January 14. The river stage nearly reached 21 m (70 ft). Cincinnati experienced a double disaster as 10 or more gas tanks exploded on "Black Sunday", January 24, which led to oil fires on the Ohio and in Mill Creek Valley. Two days later, the Ohio River crested in Cincinnati at a record 24.381 m (79.99 ft). Flooding in the city lasted 19 days. In Kentucky, one-third of Kenton and Campbell counties were submerged. The cities of Louisville, Owensboro, Paducah, and others were disastrously inundated. In Indiana, Aurora was inundated. ^[10] In Ohio, Higginsport was almost completely submerged during the flood, along with Columbus, Dayton, Hamilton, and Middletown. ^{[9] [10]} Damages totaled US$20 million (1937 dollars). ^[21]

[edit] Santa Ana, California Flood - February 1937

The storm of February 4-7, 1937 resulted in the highest four day rainfall totals at several stations in the Santa Ana River basin. The Riverside north station had over 200 mm (8 in) of rain in that four days, which equaled a 450-year event. ^[4]

[edit] Northeast California Flood - December 1937

The storm of December 1937 was a high elevation event in the Northeast corner of the state. ^[4]

[edit] Los Angeles Flood of 1938

Two significant cyclones moved through the region; one between February 27 and March 1 and the second between March 1 and March 03. Over 254 mm (10 in) of rain had fallen during the five day period. Massive debris flows moved out from the San Gabriel Mountains into the Los Angeles Basin. Although Los Angeles County experienced damage, Riverside and Orange counties bore the brunt of the flooding. A total of 5601 homes were destroyed, and an additional 1500 homes were left uninhabitable. The three transcontinental railroads connecting Los Angeles to the outside world experienced washed out bridges and flooded lines, isolating the city. Mail service after the flood was conducted by the U.S. Coast Guard. The death toll was 115. It was the region's worst flood since New Year's Day of 1934. The result of this flood was the Flood Control Act of 1941, which authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to build a series of concrete sewers. ^[22]

[edit] Battle Creek, Michigan Flood - June 1938

^[6]

[edit] Decade of the 1940s

[edit] Oklahoma/Arkansas Flood - 1945

Floods of record occurred on the Sulphur, Sabine, Red, Ouachita, and Little rivers during this event. It helped spur reservoir construction on these rivers in the 1950s and 1960s.^[23]

[edit] Michigan Flood - April 1947

Snow fell the previous month across Michigan. A pair of frontal zones brought heavy rains to the lower peninsula of Michigan during the first several days of the month. Rainfall amounts of 126 mm (5 in) were measured at Jackson with a larger area of 75 mm (3 in) falling between Benton Harbor and Detroit. The heavy rain melting the existent snowpack increased runoff, and frozen ground across the region did not help matters. Flooding was witnessed from April 4 to April 11 and it was considered the worst flood since 1904 for the region. The Kalamazoo, Grand, Saginaw, St. Clair, Clinton, and River Rouge river basins were impacted by this inundation, which was generally considered a once in 50 year event. Damage totaled US$4 million (1947 dollars). ^[2]

[edit] Decade of the 1950s

[edit] Great Flood of 1951 in Kansas

This event was the worst in Kansas since June 1903. Small rivers and creeks were running at bankful over eastern Kansas when rainfall up to 254 mm (10 in) in 12 hours the last few days of June and the first few days of July caused rivers in Kansas to flood. After a break in the rainfall on July 4, heavy rains returned on July 5. At Manhattan, Kansas, at the intersection of the Big Blue River and Kansas River, flooding inundated 70 city blocks with water up to the second floor of stores along Main Street. The high waters moved downstream to Topeka, forcing 20,000 persons to evacuate, then on to Lawrence, causing their worst flood up to that time. The industrial districts which border the Kansas River in Kansas City were protected by a 10 m (35 ft) dike which was equipped with floodgates at each tributary and topped by an 2.4 m (8 ft) wall, which was designed to manage a flood 1.5 m (5 ft) higher than the June 1903 flood. The onset of floodwaters reached Kansas City, Kansas on July 12, and the Kansas River rose rapidly, reaching its peak stage on July 14. Water rose 15 cm (6 in) an hour until within a meter (3 ft) of the top of the dike. The piers of bridges were battered by debris and whole farmhouses which had been swept downstream. Weak areas of the levee were reinforced with the help of hundreds of workers sandbagging. Shortly before midnight July 13, the Kansas River broke the levee protecting the Argentine district, and residents were forced to flee to nearby bluffs. Early that morning, after the Armourdale district had been evacuated, a 6 km (4 mi) long wave of water began to cascade over the levee and inundated the district with 4.5 to 9 m (15 to 30 ft) of water. Many people were rescued by boats, out of trees, ledges and rooftops. Later that morning, the Central Industrial District was flooded even while Mayor Roe Bartle of Kansas City, Missouri was on an aerial inspection of the flood scene.

The livestock industry was paralyzed as packing plants were flooded and thousands of hogs and cattle were swept away. Floodwaters made a canal out of Southwest Boulevard. A 23,000-liter (6,000-gallon) oil tank, caught in the current, struck a high tension wire and exploded, causing additional mayhem. The burning oil ignited the Phillips Petroleum Company oil tanks, which went up with a roar that rocked downtown Kansas City. Soon, eight city blocks were aflame as dozens of oil tanks exploded in a chain reaction that lasted five days. The Hannibal Bridge and A.S.B. Bridge were the only two highway bridges still operating. Several barges were torn loose and caught in the current about a kilometer (0.5 mi) upstream from the Hannibal Bridge. These barges threatened to destroy the remaining bridges but, fortunately, two of the barges arrived at the Hannibal Bridge at the same time and wedged against the bridge. The barges were quickly secured to the bridge with chains.

The Missouri River and the Kansas River threatened to spill into the Municipal (now Downtown) Airport, the Fairfax District, and North Kansas City that Friday night. Planes were evacuated, and North Kansas City residents were ordered to leave immediately. Thousands of men, with the help of trucks and bulldozers, worked through the night to support the dike, but the collapse of the Jersey dike early July 15 was the last straw as water began to pour into the Fairfax District. In anticipation of such a break, a second levee had been started in order to protect the Quindaro Utility Plant in the northwest corner of the district. The plant supplied water and electricity to more than 130,000 customers in Kansas City, Kansas. Shutting down the plant would have been disastrous as water hitting the 1100 °C (2000 °F) boilers would lead to a devastating explosion. Workers virtually removed a nearby clay hill in their efforts to build up and support the dike. By 4 AM Saturday, the dike was within 30 cm (1 ft) of being topped as the flood had crested. By Monday, waters were receding as fast as they had come up.

The flood caused more than one billion dollars (1951 dollars) and claimed 41 lives in the Midwest. In Kansas City only three persons drowned, but property damage was $870 million dollars. Of the five industrial districts only North Kansas City was completely saved. The airport and the Quindaro plants were also spared from the worst. ^[24]

[edit] California Flood - 1955

The storm affected the Central Sierra and South Bay areas. The Eel River on the North Coast saw the greatest flow of record to that time while Central Valley rivers saw near record flows. A statewide disaster was declared, though the storm resulted in 74 deaths and $200 million in economic losses. The heaviest 24-hour rainfall was recorded on December 20th, when 389 mm (15.84 in) fell in Shasta County. ^[4]

[edit] Decade of the 1960s

[edit] Michigan Flood - April/May 1960

Widespread heavy rains fell across the upper peninsula of Michigan in two time periods; April 24 to April 26 and May 7 until May 12. The two rain events led to 75-150 mm (3-6 in) of rain falling across northern Michigan over this three week period. Residual snowpack in forested areas added to its effects. It was considered a once in 25-50 year event for much of the area, although many of the records set during this event stand today. Damage totaled US$575,000 (1960 dollars). ^[2]

[edit] New Hampshire Flood - April 1960

This flood struck the Merrimack and Piscataquog rivers. It was the third highest flood on record in these areas. ^[15]

[edit] California Flood - 1962

The Columbus Day storm brought high winds and record breaking rains. Rains fell from Oakland to Alturas with record setting three-day rainfall for Lake Spaulding of 585.5 mm (23.05 in). One hundred seventy-four gage stations recorded their highest three day rainfall totals to that time. The storm caused $4 million in damages. ^[4]

[edit] North Coast California Tsunami - March 1964

The Good Friday Earthquake caused a tsunami in March 1964, which completely devastated several North Coast towns which resulted in 14 deaths and an economic loss of $14 million in Del Norte County alone. ^[4]

[edit] California Flood - December 1964

The six days from December 19-24, 1964 were the wettest ever recorded at many stations on the North Coast. Every major stream in the North Coast produced new high values of extreme peak flows. Thirty-four California counties were declared disaster areas. ^[4]

[edit] December 1964 flood in the Pacific Northwest

Significant snowfall preceded the event in early December. Around December 19, dramatically warmer conditions coupled with nearly a 300 mm (1 ft) of rain led to excessive snow melt in the western Cascades, which caused major flooding along the Willamette River. Downtown Salem was submerged under 3 meters (10 ft) of flood waters during the event. This flooding prompted flood control measures to be built along the Willamette River. ^[25]

[edit] April 1965 flood of the Upper Mississippi River

The 1965 flood caused over five million dollars of damage in Clinton, Iowa, alone.

[edit] July 4 1969 Flood in Ohio

The Independence Day flood of 1969 was one of the worst in Ohio history, caused by 355 mm (14 in) of rain in 12 hours. This caused three large dams to fail, much property damage, and loss of life. Wayne County, Ohio was one of the worst affected areas.

[edit] Hurricane Camille Flood in Virginia 1969

On the night of August 19 into August 20, the remains of Camille stalled due to high pressure in central Virginia. Within eight hours, at least 710 mm (28 in) of rain fell. This resulted in one of the worst natural disasters for Virginia in its 400 years of history. Debris flows and severe flooding claimed 150 lives, mainly from Nelson County. ^[26]

[edit] Decade of the 1970s

[edit] Southeast Oklahoma Flood - December 1971

Rainfall up to 406 mm (16 in) fell across the Little River basin. The Glover River rose high enough to deposit area cattle in trees. The Little River flooded tens of thousands of acres. This flood occurred after major reservoirs were built on these basins. ^[23]

[edit] Rapid City, South Dakota Flood - June 1972

A frontal zone was banked up against the Black Hills of South Dakota on the morning of June 9. Heavy rainfall, with amounts of nearly 381 mm (15 in) near Keystone, mainly between 6 pm and midnight. Rapid Creek overflowed at 10:15 pm. Canyon Lake Dam failed at 10:45 pm, adding to the flood's magnitude. The flood crest, reached around 12:15 am, ravaged Rapid City and surrounding canyons. The death toll was 238. ^[27]
The Rapid City Public Library hosts a more comprehensive digital archive of Flood-related stories, photos and news accounts on Their 1972 Flood page

[edit] Hurricane Agnes Flood - June 1972

Agnes moved into the coast of the Florida panhandle as a weak hurricane. Weakening into a tropical depression over Georgia, a major trough in the Westerlies approached the cyclone, which subsequently strengthened Agnes over land back into a tropical storm in North Carolina, although it also developed a more western cyclone. The two moved in tandem, with Agnes moving offshore Norfolk, Virginia and becoming a strong tropical storm. Eventually, the western nontropical low wrapped Agnes inland, which was then absorbed over Connecticut. These cyclones led to 150-254 mm (6-10 in) of rain over North Carolina, with 254-483 mm (10 -19 in) falling across the remainder of the Mid-Atlantic states. ^[28] The flood unleashed by the system was the greatest natural disaster in damages for the United States up until that time. ^[29]

[edit] Michigan Floods - April 1975

A major flood struck the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In early April, a foot/30 cm of snow fell across the region. Intense rainfall on April 18 and April 19 of 75-125 mm (3-5 in) fell over a short time frame into the residual snowpack, increasing the magnitude of the flood. The flood peaked between April 19 and April 22, primarily in the Kalamazoo, Grand, Flint, and Shiawassee River basins. The recurrence interval for this kind of flood is 50-100 years. Lansing and Flint saw the most damage, which overall totaled US$50 million (1975 dollars). ^[2]

[edit] Big Thompson Canyon Flood (July 1976)

Moist easterly flow went up the terrain, forming thunderstorms beginning at 6 pm and lasting to 9 pm on July 31. 200 mm (8 in) of rain fell in one hour, with over 300 mm (1 ft) falling during the event. A 5.8 m (19 ft) high fall of water swept down the canyon, taking everything in its path downstream. It was one of the deadliest freshwater floods in U.S. history, as 145 people perished during the flash flood. Houses destroyed totaled 418. Overall damage was US$40 million (1976 dollars). In the aftermath of the storm, regulations were passed to limit development in similar canyons. ^[30]

[edit] Kansas City Flash Flood of 1977 - September 1977

An estimated 400 mm (16 in) of rain^[31] caused the banks of Brush Creek to overflow into the Country Club Plaza area on the night of September 12, 1977.^[32] The flood caused 25 deaths^[31][32] and between $80^[31] and $100^[32] million in damages.

[edit] New England Flood - 1978

Flooding throughout the region caused millions of dollars in damage. ^[18]

[edit] Tropical Storm Amelia Floods of August 1978

Tropical Storm Amelia skirted the lower Texas coast and went ashore south of Corpus Christi during the night of the July 30/July 31. The circulation was followed inland west of San Antonio on August 1 before becoming diffuse. Rainfall increased despite the lack of a surface circulation, and disastrous flooding occurred in many south Texas river basins, including the Guadalupe River and its tributaries. Extensive damage occurred, and 30 people lost their lives in the flood. The maximum rainfall total in Texas occurred in Medina, where 1219 mm (48 in) of rain was deposited due to mesoscale convective systems firing along a frontal boundary induced by Amelia's remnant circulation aloft. ^[33]

[edit] Decade of the 1980s

[edit] Lower Mississippi Flood of 1983

This was the second most severe flood in the lower Mississippi Basin since 1927. Red River Landing, Louisiana, was flooded for 115 days. Damages totaled US$15.7 million (1983 dollars). ^[34]

[edit] Utah Flood of 1983

In the winters of 1983, Utah reached record preciptitation. This swelled City Creek, which flows through Salt Lake City via underground conduits. On May 28, debris clogged the conduits, causing the creek to overflow on State Street, one of the main thoroughfares of the city. Aggressive sandbagging managed to divert the floor waters to other underground rivers via State Street, but temporary pedestrian bridges were needed for several weeks.

[edit] Flooding in the central Appalachians - November 1985

The antecedent event to this flood was the passage of Hurricane Juan to the west of the area, which led to over 175 mm (7 in) of rain in the Blue Ridge Mountains, though less than 25 mm (1 in) to the Mountain State. After Juan passed by, an occluded system moved slowly northward from the Gulf of Mexico through the Mid-Atlantic States during the first days of November, leading to significant rainfall for the central Appalachians. Local amounts of 508 mm (20 in) of rain were reported from West Virginia, worse than the flooding the state witnessed in 1888. ^{[35] [36]} This led to debris flows and widespread damage in the Upper Potomac River basin and Cheat River Basin in West Virginia and Virginia. Damage was severe where the South Branch joins the North Branch of the Potomac. The Paw Paw Tunnel was flooded. ^[19] The death toll was 50 from West Virginia.

[edit] Northern California and Western Nevada Floods of February 1986

On February 11, a vigorous low pressure system drifted east out of the Pacific, creating a pineapple express ^[37] that lasted through February 24 unleashing unprecedented amounts of rain on Northern California and Western Nevada. ^[38] The nine day storm over California constituted half of the average annual rainfall for the year. ^[4] Record flooding occurred in three streams that drain to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay area. ^[38] Extensive flooding occurred in Napa and Russian Rivers. Napa, north of San Francisco recorded their worst flood to this time ^[39] while nearby Calistoga recorded 736 mm (29 in) of rain in 10 days creating a once-in-a-thousand-year rainfall event. ^[37] Records for 24 hour rain events were reported in the Central Valley and in the Sierra. One thousand-year rainfalls were recorded in the Sierras. ^[4] The heaviest 24-hour rainfall ever recorded in the Central Valley at 447 mm (17.6 in) occurred on February 17 at Four Trees in the Feather River basin. ^[37] In Sacramento, nearly 254 mm (10 in) of rain fell in an 11-day period. ^[4] System breaks in the Sacramento River basin included disastrous levee breaks in the Olivehurst and Linda area on the Feather River. ^[4] Linda, about 65 km (40 mi) north of Sacramento, was devastated after the levee broke on the Yuba River's south fork, forcing thousands of residents to evacuate. ^[40] In the San Joaquin River basin and the Delta, levees break along the Mokelumne River caused flooding in the community of Thornton and the inundation of four Delta islands. ^[4] Lake Tahoe rose 15 cm (6 in) as a result of high inflow. ^[38] The California flood resulted in 13 deaths, 50,000 people were evacuated and over $400 million in property damage. ^[4] Three thousand residents of Linda joined in a class action lawsuit, Paterno v. State of California, which eventually reached the California Supreme Court in 2004. The California high court affirmed the District Court of Appeal's decision that said California was liable for millions of dollars in damages. ^[40]

[edit] Michigan Floods - September 1986

A slow-moving storm system moved from the central Plains into the Great Lakes. Rainfall amounts by September 10 were 200-330 mm (8-13 in) over a two day period. Damage was unprecedented. Dam failure abounded with a total of 14 dams undermined and an addition 19 dams at risk during the event. Four major bridges failed. Thousands of acres of sugar beets, beans, potatoes, corn, and other vegetables were in ruin. A total of six people perished during the flood. Damage totaled US$500 million (1986 dollars), and 30 counties were declared Federal disaster areas. ^[2]

[edit] Androscoggin River Flood - April 1987

The largest and most destructive flood in the history of this Maine river occurred due to four days of rained combined with melting snow and ice flows. Hardest hit areas include Lewiston, Rumford, and Mexico. Jay's industrial section was inundated.

[edit] Decade of the 1990s

[edit] May to September 1992 Alaska Floods

From May to September of 1992 in Alaska a combination of ice jams, snow melt, and heavy rains caused the worst flooding in this area. It is said to be one of the worst disasters recorded here. Rivers reached record stages during this flood.

[edit] Great Flood of 1993 along Mississippi River

Soils became saturated in the fall of 1992 across the Midwest. Numerous rounds of showers and thunderstorms from mid-June into August led to significant flooding. Over 1000 mm (39 in) of rainfall fell in isolated spots. Some areas of the Mississippi Valley were flooded for over 200 days, leading to destruction spread across nine states. This was the flood of record along many of the streams and rivers that feed the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Around 50,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. The death toll was 50, and damage totaled US$15 billion (1993 dollars). ^[41] The result of this flood was an aggressive campaign by the federal government to buy out flooded agricultural land from willing sellers. ^[42]

[edit] Tropical Storm Alberto (1994) Floods in the Southeast

This tropical cyclone made landfall in the Florida panhandle before stalling south of Atlanta, Georgia. Flooding was near or at record levels for the Flint, Ocmulgee, Chattahoochee, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola Rivers. Americus, Georgia saw the heaviest rain in a 24 hour period, when 536 mm (21.1 in) was recorded. The death toll was 33, with two-thirds coming from people driving into flooded areas. Thousands of homes were destroyed. Damage totaled US$750 million (1994 dollars). ^[43]

[edit] California Flood - January and March 1995

During the events of January and March 1995, over 100 stations recorded their greatest 1-day rainfalls in that station’s history. The major brunt of the January storms hit the Sacramento River Basin and resulted in small stream flooding primarily due to storm drainage system failures, though flooding affected nearly every part of the state. The Salinas River exceeded its previous measured record crest by more than 1.3 m (4 ft), which was within 30-60 cm (1-2 ft) of the reputed crest of the legendary 1862 flood. The Napa River set a new peak record with the Russian and Pajaro Rivers approached their record peaks. Twenty-eight people were killed and the flood cost $1.8 billion. ^[4]

[edit] May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood

A stalled front led to excessive rains across southeast Louisiana. Rainfall up to 500 mm (20 in) fell across the Crescent City, with 250 mm (12 in) falling within a six hour period. Seven lives were lost, 35,000 homes were flooded along with thousands of businesses across southeast Louisiana. Damage estimates were around US$1 billion (1995 dollars). ^[44]

[edit] Northeast United States Flood of January 1996

Significant snowfall during the first 20 days of January led to a snowpack across the region. Some areas of the Northeast had received two to three times their average precipitation since December 1. Significant snowpack was in place on January 18. Then, a period significant warming took place across the East, mainly during a 30 hour period, which led to ice jam floods across western Pennsylvania and New York. Surface dew points rose into the 50s and 60s Fahrenheit/teens Celsius, which rapidly melted the snowpack. Then, a heavy rain event occurred along a frontal zone moving in from the west, which led to 25-27 mm (1-3 in) of rainfall between January 18 and January 19. Some areas lost 30-60 cm (1-2 ft) of snow in only 12 hours, which led to the bulk of the flooding.

The Ohio and Susquehanna rivers experienced their highest river crests since Hurricane Agnes and Hurricane Eloise. The Delaware River at Trenton, New Jersey saw its highest crest since Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane moved by in 1955. The South Branch of the Potomac, as well as the Cheat and Monongahela rivers in West Virginia and Pennsylvania experienced their highest levels since early November 1985, which was the flood of record for the region. A total of 33 people died during the event, with 18 from Pennsylvania and 9 from New York. It was the worst flood event for the Mid-Atlantic states as a whole since 1985. ^[45]

[edit] Willamette Valley Flood of 1996

This was the biggest flood for the region since December 1964. Heavy logging had occurred across the region in the previous 30 years. Above normal rainfall had been occurring since November 1 of 1995, which led to significant snowpack in the mountains by late January. Western Oregon then experienced a 150-300 mm (6-12 in) of rainfall on February 5 to February 7, which in combination with temperatures rising into the 60s Fahrenheit/upper teens Celsius led to the flood. ^[25]

[edit] New England Flood - October 1996

A stationary front across the region drawing moisture from Hurricane Lili led to extreme rains across New England. Factories and mills in Lawrence, Haverhill, and Lowell, Massachusetts were severely impaired during the event. A total of 81 bridges needed to be rebuilt after the flood. A large portion of Hartford, Connecticut was submerged. ^[18]

[edit] Northern California Flood of New Year's Day 1997

A series of tropical storms collectively called a pineapple connection, hit northern California from late December 1996 to early January 1997. ^[4] December 1996 was one of the wettest Decembers on record. ^[4] The Klamath River on California's North Coast experienced significant flooding which led to the river permanently changing course in some areas. ^[46] The Klamath National Forest experienced its worst flood since 1974. ^[46] Unprecedented flows from rain surged into the Feather River basin while melted snow surged into the San Joaquin River basin. ^[46] Rain fell at elevations up to 3300 meters (11000 ft), prompting snow melt. ^[46] With these warm weather storms generally comes large amounts of snow melt. ^[4] The Cosumnes River, a tributary to the San Joaquin River bore the brunt of the flooding. ^[46] Sacramento is spared though levee failures flood Olivehurst, Arboga, Wilton, Manteca, and Modesto. ^[47] Massive landslides in the Eldorado National Forest east of Sacramento closed Highway 50. ^[46] Damages totaled US$35 million (1997 dollars). ^[46] Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada were already saturated by the time three subtropical storms added more than 760 mm (30 in) of rain in late December 1996 and early January 1997. ^[4] Levee failures due to breaks or overtopping in the Sacramento River Basin resulted in extensive damages. ^[4] In the San Joaquin River Basin, dozens of levees failed throughout the river system and produced widespread flooding. ^[4] The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta also experienced several levee breaks and levee overtopping. ^[4] Forty-eight counties were declared disaster areas, including all 46 counties in northern California. ^[4] Over 23,000 homes and businesses, agricultural lands, bridges, roads and flood management infrastructures – valued at about $2 billion – were damaged. Nine people were killed and 120,000 people were evacuated from their homes. ^[4] Three hundred square miles were flooded, including the Yosemite Valley, which flooded for the first time since 1861-62. ^[4]

[edit] Ohio River Valley Flood of March 1997

150-300 mm (6-12 in) of rain fell upon northern Kentucky and southern Ohio between March 1 and March 3. A total of six states were impacted by the event. Record flooding was witnessed along most rivers in northern Kentucky, surpassing that of 1937. Near-record flooding was recorded in Ohio, mainly along Brush Creek and the Scioto and Great Miami Rivers. Eastern sections of Higginsport went underwater, leaving only one route in and out of town. ^[9] It was Ohio's worst flood in 30 years. The death toll from the event was 33, with 21 lives lost in Kentucky and 5 lost in Ohio. Hundreds were injured. ^[48]

[edit] 1997 Red River Flood

The prior winter was one of the snowiest on record for the northern Plains, with 297 cm (117 in) falling at Fargo, North Dakota. During the spring thaw, this creates problems as it is usually colder in southern Canada, which makes ice jam flooding a major concern for this river basin. Starting in early February, a major flood was anticipated, over two months before the flood. This gave the region plenty of time to sandbag the nearby dikes. The river began rising on April 4, and flooding the area on April 18 as the flood waters rose up to 1.5 m (5 ft) above the long term prediction. Dikes gave way, and Grand Forks was inundated. Between 75-90% of the residents had been evacuated prior to this time. Fires began to break out on the 19th as electric lines shorted out, which destroyed 11 buildings in downtown. The river and associated flood waters began to recede on April 23. ^[49]

[edit] Fort Collins, Colorado Flood of July 1997

On July 27, upslope flow into the Front Range of the Rockies forced dewpoint temperatures to around 16 °C (60 °F). By 5 pm local time, thunderstorms began to erupt. Within 30 minutes, local amounts of 50 mm (2 in) had fallen near Laporte and Livermore, with 50 mm (2 in) more falling near Loveland before the storm weakened around 8 pm. South of Fort Collins, new thunderstorm development began around 10 pm, which spread north through the city, dumping another 12 mm (0.5 in) of rain before dissipating. Around midnight on July 28, upslope flow increased behind a cold front that triggered the initial thunderstorms. Steady rains began around 1 am, ending for the most part around 4 am for much of the region except for a narrow swath including Fort Collins, where rains continued towards 7 am. However, rains renewed across the region between 8 am and noon. An additional 150-200 mm (6-8 in) of rain had fallen near Laporte. By that evening, thunderstorms redeveloped. Starting at 7 pm, heavy rains fell at Colorado State University. Between 8:30 and 10 pm, very heavy rains struck Fort Collins again. A total of over 250 mm (10 in) fell during this time frame, which brought storm totals to 368 mm (14.5 in) in southwest Fort Collins. ^[50] The ensuing flooding of Spring Creek caused a freight train to derail and completely destroyed two mobile home parks. Damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars. ^[51] This flood event helped spawn a developing rainfall mesonet for the United States, known as CoCoRAHS, which was anticipated to help detect ongoing flash flood events in real-time. ^[52]

[edit] Central and South Texas Flood of October 1998

Main article: October 1998 Texas Flooding

A tropical connection of moisture from Hurricane Madeline intercepted a stationary frontal zone, leading to extreme rainfall. Between October 17 and October 18, rain totals of up to 559 mm (22 in) were recorded across central and southern Texas, which led to the flood of record in southern Texas. A total of 31 perished during the event, 17 of which were found in flooded vehicles. Damage approached US$750 million (1998 dollars). ^{[53] [54]}

[edit] Hurricane Floyd Floods in East - September 1999

The antecedent conditions included the passage of Tropical Storm Dennis through the Mid-Atlantic states during the first week of September. Only 10 days later, the combination of a stalled frontal zone, strong dynamics aloft, and a hurricane moving up the East coast led to excessive rainfall from North Carolina northward up the Eastern Seaboard between September 14 and September 17, with amounts of near 508 mm (20 in) being reported near Wilmington, North Carolina, and 150-300 mm (6-12 in) falling farther up the coast. It was the most damaging flood in the history of North Carolina. In New Hampshire, the storm flooded Belknap, Cheshire, and Grafton counties. ^[15] Of the 57 deaths attributed to Floyd, 46 were due to drowning in the flood; 35 from North Carolina alone. Damage estimates were near US$5 billion (1999 dollars). ^[55]

[edit] See also

• Floods in the United States through 1900
• Floods in the United States: 2001-present
• Great Flood of 1993
• Hurricane Agnes
• Hurricane Camille
• Hurricane Floyd (1999)
• List of California floods since 1861
• May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood
• Napa River flood of 1986
• Red River Flood, 1997
• Tropical Storm Alberto (1994)
• Tropical Storm Allison (1989)
• United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
• Willamette Valley Flood of 1996

[edit] References

[edit] Related links

• California's Historic Floods
• Dates in Nashville USACE History
• Environmental History of Androscoggin River
• Historic Flooding in Fort Collins, Colorado
• Historic Floods in Shreveport, Lousiaiana
• NWS Service Assessments of Significant Weather Events
• New Hampshire Floods
• North-Central Pennsylvania Floods
• Northeast Kansas Floods 1951 - 50th Anniversary
• Panoramic Photographs from the Library of Congress
• Rapid City, SD Flood - 30 Years Later
• Teton Flood Museum
• Tropical Storm Allison (2001) Page - NWS Houston/Galveston, TX