14th Army involvement in Transnistria
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The involvement of the Soviet Army's 14th Guards Army in the War of Transnistria was extensive and contributed to the outcome, which left the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic with de facto independence from the Republic of Moldova.
The 14th Guards Army was formed as a unit of the Soviet Army circa 1956 from the 10th Guards 'Budapest' Rifle Corps, formerly part of the Odessa Military District.[1] In 1990-91 it was headquartered in Tiraspol, in the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, and made up of four motor rifle divisions and other smaller units. Only the 59th Guards Motor Rifle Division and some smaller units, including the 1162nd Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment were on the left bank of the Dniester in the region of Transnistria.[2] According to Russian sources, local Transnistrians made up the great majority of the 14th Guards Army’s soldiers, including 51 percent of the officers and 79 percent of the draftees.[3]
While the official policy of the Russian Federation early after the outbreak of the widespread armed conflict in 1992 was one of neutrality, many soldiers and officers of the 14th Army were sympathetic to the PMR cause and had defected to the PMR and actively participated in the fighting as part of its armed forces the Republican Guards. Furthermore, a considerable amount of the army’s materiel was taken without resistance or given to the PMR armed forces.[4]
The commanding officer of the Army, General G. I. Yakovlev, was openly supportive of the newly created PMR from the outset. He participated in the founding of the PMR, served in the PMR Supreme Soviet and accepted the position as the first chairman of the PMR Department of Defense on 3 December 1991, causing the Commander-in-Chief of the CIS armed forces, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, to relieve him of his rank and service in the Russian military.[5] Yakovlev's successor, General Yuriy Netkachev has assumed a more neutral stance in the conflict.[6] However, his attempts at mediation between Chişinău and Tiraspol were largely unsuccessful.[7]
On 23 March 1992, Shaposhnikov signed a decree authorising the transfer of military equipment of 14th Guards Army units stationed on the right bank of Dniester to the Republic of Moldova. This military equipment had constituted a majority of the materiel utilized by the Moldovan army in the ensuing War of Transnistria. A second decree, issued on 1 April by Boris Yeltsin, transferred the 14th Guards Army under Russian jurisdiction.[8]
By June 1992 the situation had escalated to an open military engagement. With the near disintegration of the army during the heaviest fighting in and around Bender/Bendery, in the wake of a coordinated offensive by Moldovan forces, General Major Alexander Lebed arrived at the 14th Army headquarters on 23 June with standing orders to stop the ongoing conflict with any means available, inspect the army, prevent the theft of armaments from its depots and ensure the unimpeded evacuation of armaments and Army personnel from Moldovan and through Ukrainian territory. After briefly assessing the situation, he assumed command of the army, relieving Netkachev, and ordered his troops to enter the conflict directly. On 3 July at 03:00, a massive artillery strike from 14th Army formations stationed on left bank of the Dniester obliterated the Moldovan force concentrated in Gerbovetskii forest, near Bender, effectively ending the military phase of the conflict. [8] According to at least one Moldovan source, 112 Moldovan soldiers were killed by the salvo.[9]
Since the end of the conflict, Russian forces have remained in the region as a peacekeeping force, but the 14th Guards Army itself was replaced in April 1995 formally by the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Moldova.[8]
The Russian force serves alongside the Russian-Moldovan-Transnistrian Joint Control Commission Peacekeeping Force, which as of September 2006 was commanded by General Major Boris Sergeyev of Russia and numbered 1,199 troops.[10]
[edit] Notes
- ^ See also http://politicom.moldova.org/stiri/eng/20998/
- ^ Feskov et al, 2004, The Soviet Army in the period of the Cold War, Tomsk University Press. Other formations, including the 28th, 86th Guards, and 180th Motor Rifle Divisions, were over the border in Ukraine and became part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.
- ^ Edward Ozhiganov, “The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army,” in Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alexei Arbatov, et al. eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), 179.
- ^ The flow of Red Army men and materiel to PMR armed forces was widely reported in the CIS press at the time. See for ex., Nezavisimaya Gazeta, June 18, 1992 trans. in FBIS, June 19, 1992, 63; and Radio Rossii, June 20, 1992, trans. in FBIS, June 22, 1992, 62.
- ^ (Russian)Anna Volkova, Leader (Tiraspol’: [s.n.], 2001), 56. Available online at: http://www.olvia.idknet.com/soderjanie.htm
- ^ Igor Smirnov, Zhit’ na nashei zemle. (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 2001), 62.
- ^ (Russian)"Вождь в чужой стае" by Mikhail Bergman
- ^ a b c "U.S. and Russian Policymaking With Respect to the Use of Force", chapter 4, Trans-Dniestria, by Irina F. Selivanova
- ^ (Russian)Sergei Skripnik, Benderskie Khroniki. http://artofwar.ru/s/skripnik_s_w/text_0010.shtml
- ^ Ian Johnstone (ed), Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2007, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder/London, p.131
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