Śrauta

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Śrauta (Devanagari श्रौत) traditions are conservative ritualistic traditions of historical Vedic religion in Hinduism, based on the body of Śruti literature. They persist in a few places in India today although constituting a clear minority within Hinduism. Śrauta is a vrddhi derivation of Śruti, just like Smarta is the vrddhi derivation of Smrti.

Contents

[edit] Classification

Presently alive shrauta traditions are:

[edit] Practices

The Śrauta tradition as per the Vedas lays more emphasis on practice of the rituals rather than having a set of beliefs. The practices of the Śrauta tradition mainly consist of Yajnas. The Yajnas are divided into two categories, namely: nitya-karma and kaamya karma. Nitya-karma refers to those Yajnas that have to be performed daily or as per occasion. Kaamya-karma refers to those Yajnas performed with a particular purpose such as wishing for rain, cattle, overlordship or for a son (e.g. Putrakameshti).

[edit] Yajnas

Main article: Yajna

The Vedas describe 400 Yajnas[1].

A (late) subset of them are the Pancha Mahayajnas (Five Great Yajnas, see Taittiriya Aranyaka 2.10) namely:

  • Devayajña- consists of offering āhutis to devas
  • Pitṛyajña- consists of offering libations[2] to ancestors or pitṛs
  • Bhūtayajña- consists of offering bali or food to certain spirits
  • Manuṣyayajña- consists of feeding guests
  • Brahmayajña- consists of daily repetition of reciting the Vedas.

[edit] Pantheon

Main articles: Hindu deities and Rigvedic deities

The pantheon in the Śrauta tradition consist of various gods and goddesses, known as Devas who represent natural forces or deified social concepts. For instance, the deva Agni has one aspect as the flame. (In recent, idiosyncratic interpretation, this flame symbolises the psychological power associated with Agni namely the power of will and Agni can be called God-will). [3].

Since Shrauta focuses on conservative Vedic rituals, the pantheon corresponds to the Rigvedic deities more than to that of mainstream (Puranic) Hinduism. Among the most prominent deities are Agni, Indra, and Soma, as well as the All-gods (Viśve devāḥ), Ashvin, Ushas, Surya, Savitar, Parjanya, Rudra or Sarasvati (cf. Chamakam 6):

[edit] Oral tradition

Main article: Guru-shishya tradition

The word Śrauta is derived from the word Śruti meaning that which is heard. The Śrauta tradition of transmitting the Vedas consisted solely of oral tradition from the Guru (teacher) to the Shishya (student). Vedic scholars have made use of manuscripts in order to teach the Vedas to their students at least since the Middle Ages, and of printed books since the advent of Western philology in British India, but the use of writing has always been clearly secondary to the commitment of the texts to memory.

[edit] Methods of recitation

Main article: Patha

The oral tradition of the Vedas consists of several ways of recitation. The students are first taught the Samhita Paatha. Here, paatha means a way of recitation. The other methods of chanting include: "pada", "krama", "jata", "mala", "sikha", "rekha", "dhvaja","danda", "ratha", "ghana" etc.

Some Veda reciters are called "ghanapaathins"; they have learnt the recitation of the texts up to the advanced stage called "ghana". "Paathin" means one who has learnt the "paatha". Ghanapaathins recite a mantra in different ways, with individual words repeated back and forth. Similarly, in the other methods of chanting like krama, jata, sikha, mala, and so on. The chief purpose of such methods is to ensure that even not even a syllable of a mantra is altered to the slightest extent. The words are braided together, so to speak, and recited back and forth[4].

[edit] Present situation of Śrauta tradition

Today the Śrauta tradition most prominent in Southern India, with communities in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, but also in some pockets of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and other states; the best known of these groups are the Nambudiri of Kerala, whose traditions were notably documented by Frits Staal. The Smarta tradition of Hinduism is more prevalent than the Shrauta one. Both traditions are not mutually exclusive; some Smartas continue to practise the Vedic rituals.

The Aupasana [5]is performed in many houses. However the Śrauta tradition emphasises also on Agnihotra (whose performer is called Agnihotri), New and Full Moon sacrifices and a few more complex rituals.

[edit] Prominent Śrauti scholars and communities

[edit] Recent Śrauta yaagas

Some recent major Śrauta Yajñas:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Grhasthashrama
  2. ^ Libations at answers.com
  3. ^ Essentials of Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda- RL Kashyap; SAKSI, Bangalore, Karnataka ISBN 8179940322
  4. ^ Methods of Chanting
  5. ^ Aupasana
  6. ^ Veda at namboothiri.com
  7. ^ On a Vedic quest
  8. ^ Athiraathram.org
  9. ^ Athirathram.org
  10. ^ Somayaga2005.com
  11. ^ Somayagam.org
  12. ^ Somayaagam at namboothiri.com
  13. ^ Nakshatreshti Homam
  14. ^ Rare Vedic Yaaga
  • Essentials of Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda- RL Kashyap; SAKSI, Bangalore, Karnataka

[edit] Further reading

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[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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