Überfremdung
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Überfremdung (pronounced [ˌybɐˈfʀemduŋ]) is the German term declaring that some object or characteristic has become too heavily (über meaning over or overly) influenced by foreign or strange (fremd meaning foreign or strange, as in Verfremdungseffekt) developments, whether the importation of foreign words into daily vocabulary, foreign cuisine, foreign films, or even high immigration. The concept has not yet been given a term in modern Anglo-American political discourse, but appropriate words would be Superalienation (Latin super over and alias other), or Hyperxenesis (Greek ibid). The term is typically used by the political right in the context of opposition to immigration.
[edit] The term
The German term has had several meanings over the years, all of which have reflected the sense of "too foreign" and "threatening", and are generally negative.
The Duden illustrates how the meaning has changed since the term was first used in 1929, meaning "taking on too much foreign money" (esp. loans made from 1924-1929 to rebuild Germany, following the First World War.). In 1934 (one year after the NSDAP came to power in Germany), the meaning changed to "immigration/imposition of foreign races", and in 1941 it became "immigration/imposition of foreign peoples". Following the Second World War, the 1951/1952 version of the Duden returned to the strictly economic definition. In 1961, the term "foreigner" came to replace "foreign races" or "foreign peoples". In 1986, the term was no longer used in economics. Since 1991, primarily the verb "überfremden" has been in use, and one could speak of a country being "überfremdet".
In 1993, the Society for the German Language (Gesellschaft für die deutsche Sprache e.V.) declared "Überfremdung" to be the unword of the year, as it makes "undifferentiated xenophobia" sound more argumentative and clinical.
Linguists, philologists, political scientists and social scientists criticise the concept for its vagueness, its use under national socialism, and its continuing negative connotation.
The word is related to terms in various languages: foreign infiltration, foreign penetration, fr:surpopulation étrangère, fr:déculturation, fr:envahissement par des étranger, es:extranjerización, and it:infiltrazione straniera, which have all been used at various times to rally xenophobic sentiment, but are not in current usage.
[edit] See also
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