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Çobanoğlu (Turkish plural Çobanoğulları) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik founded by the dynasty of the same name and controlled the region in and around the northern Central Anatolian city of Kastamonu in the 13th century, ruling as an independent entity in intervals.
The founder of the dynasty was Hüsameddin Çoban, a prominent statesman and a commander of the Sultans of Rum during the reigns of Kaykaus I and his successor Kayqubad I. In the early decades of the 13th century, Hüsameddin Çoban was one of the commanders of the raids that extended Seljuk territory in northern Anatolia at the expense of the Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. As a result, he had acquired Kastamonu as a fiefdom. Between 1224-1227, he also led the Seljuk army and fleet that set sail from Sinop and captured and fortified the city of Sudak in Crimea.
After Hüsameddin Çoban's death, his hereditary possessions centered in Kastamonu were ruled respectively by his son and grandson, Alp Yürek and Yavlak Arslan. Until the last years of Yavlak Arslan's reign, the Beys of Çobanoğlu pursued a prudent policy of allegiance to the Mongols who had taken control of Anatolia after the Battle of Köse Dag. A rebellion in the end by Yavlak Arslan resulted in his death in the battle in front of Kastamonu against combined Seljuk-Mongol forces, and the region was given to the Seljuk commander Şemseddin Yaman Candar, whose descendants were to found the Beylik of Candaroğlu in the same region.
Yaman Candar was momentarily pushed out of the region by Yavlak Arslan's son Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey, who also organized further raids into Byzantine territory to extend his domain. But in 1309, this last Bey of Çobanoğlu fell victim to an ambush by Yaman Candar's son Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha and the region of Kastamonu passed to the Beylik of Candaroğlu.
Çobanoğlu dynasty left important works of architecture in and around Kastamonu.
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Landmarks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and Turkish Beyliks |
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Anatolian Turkish Beyliks |
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Ahlatshahs (1100 - 1207) |
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Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt • Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale • Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan • Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100-1112) • İbrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) • Ahmed bin İbrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (1128 - 1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185 - 1193) • Aksungur (1193 - 1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185 - 1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
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Artuklu (1102 - ) |
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Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102-1104) • Sökmenli İbrahim Bey (1104 - 1131)
Mardin Dynasty or İlgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin İlgazi (1106-1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122 - 1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154 - 1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112-1124) • Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır • Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of İlgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between (1122) • Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuklu Caravanserai in Mardin • İbrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
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Saltuklu (1072-1202) |
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Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072-1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~ 1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~ 1124-1132) • İzzeddin Saltuk (1132-1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168-1191) • Mama Hatun (1191-1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200-1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
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Aydınoğlu (1307 - 1425) |
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Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • İzmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336-1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307 - 1334) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1334-1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu İsa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402-1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403 - 1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405 - 1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: İsabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
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Candaroğlu (~1300 - 1461) |
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Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~ 1340) • Candaroğlu İbrahim Bey (1340-1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340-1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361-1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384-1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or İsfendiyaroğlu Dynasty: İsfendiyar Bey (1385-1440) • Taceddin İbrahim Bey (1440-1443) • Kemaleddin İsmail Bey (1443-1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
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Çobanoğlu (1227-1309) |
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Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek (? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Candaroğlu
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Dulkadir (1348- ~ 1525) |
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Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348-1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348-1386) • Sûli Bey (1386-1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396-1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443-1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492-1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~ 1525)
1443-1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
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Eretna (1328 - 1381) |
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Founder: Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Demirtaş• Capital: Sivas, later Kayseri
Important centers and extension: Sivas • Kayseri • Niğde • Tokat • Amasya • Erzincan • Şarkikarahisar • Niksar
Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328-1352) • Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352-1365) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365-1380) • Mehmed Bey the Second (1380-1381)
1326: Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin
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Eşrefoğlu (1288 - 1326) |
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Founder: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm •• Capital: Beyşehir
Important centers and extension: Beyşehir •• Akşehir •• Bolvadin
Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288 - 1302) •• Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302-1320) •• Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320-1326)
1326: Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia
Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)
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Germiyan (1300 - 1429) |
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Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300-1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300 - 1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340-1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361 - 1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402-1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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Hamidoğlu (~ 1280 - 1374) |
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Ancestors:: Hamid and his son İlyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuks Sultanate of Rûm • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~ 1280 - 1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324-1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin İshak Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin İlyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanoğlu dynasty.
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Karamanoğlu (~ 1250 - 1487) |
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Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Avşar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256-1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261-1283) • Güneri Bey (1283-1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300-1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308-1312) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey (1312-1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333-1348) • Bedreddin İbrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348-1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349-1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350-1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351-1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356-1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357-1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398-1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418-1424) • Damat İbrahim Bey (1424-1464) • Sultanzade İshak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464-1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469-1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483-1487)
1398-1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414-1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
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Karesi (1303 - 1360) |
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Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307 - 1328) • Demir Han (1328-1345) • Yahşı Han (1328-1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
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Ladik (İnançoğlu) (~ 1300 - 1368) |
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Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: İnanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: İnanç Bey (~ 1300 - ~ 1314) • Murad Arslan (~ 1314 - ?) • İnançoğlu İshak Bey (? - ~ 1360) • Süleyman Bey (1345-1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
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Menteşe (~1261 - 1424) |
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Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300-1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu İbrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed • 1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu İlyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)
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Ramazanoğlu (1352 - 1516) |
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Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan • Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey (1344-?) • Ramazanoğlu Ahmed Bey (? -1416) • Ramazanoğlu İbrahim Bey the Second (1416-1417) • Ramazanoğlu Hamza Bey (1417-1427) • Ramazanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Ramazanoğlu Eylük Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Ömer Bey (?-1490) • Gıyaseddin Halil Bey (1490-1511) • Ramazanoğlu Mahmud Bey (1511-1516) • Ramazanoğlu Selim Bey (? - ?) • Ramazanoğlu Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I • 1516 - 1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
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Saruhan (1302 - 1410) |
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Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302 - 1345) • Fahreddin İlyas Bey • Muzafferüddin İshak Bey ( - 1388) • Hızır Shah (1388 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402-1403) • Hızır Shah (1403 - 1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important works:
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Teke (1301 - 1423) |
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Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361-1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301 - ?) • Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey ( ? - 1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey ( ? - ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (? - ?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~ 1360 - ~ 1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~ 1375 - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402 - 1423: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402-1423) • 1423: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~ 1375)
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[[[Category:Historical Turkic states]] [Category:Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate and Turkish Beyliks]]
