Zong Massacre
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The Zong Massacre was an infamous mass-killing of African slaves that took place in 1781 on the Zong, a British slave ship owned by James Gregson and colleagues in a Liverpool slave-trading firm. The resulting court case,not by the authorities to bring a charge of mass-murder against the ship-owners but a civil action by the ship-owners seeking compensation from the insurers to compensate the slave-traders for their lost "cargo", was a landmark in the battle against the African Slave Trade of the eighteenth century.
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[edit] Background
The Zong was a Dutch ship which had been captured by the British. Its original name, Zorg (Dutch for 'care') was misread as Zong.
The Zong left São Tomé, an island off the west coast of Africa, on September 6, 1781 carrying some 400 slaves and a crew of 17 en route to England on the Middle Passage captained by Sir Luke Collingwood. Its first destination was to be Jamaica. On November 27, 1781 it arrived at an island which the crew believed to be Jamaica.
[edit] Massacre
The ship had taken on more slaves than it could safely transport. By November 29, 1781, this overcrowding, together with malnutrition and disease, had killed seven of the crew and approximately sixty African slaves. Captain Collingwood decided to throw the remaining sick slaves overboard. He assumed that the slaves would be considered in law to be cargo, so he could claim the loss against an insurance policy. The insurance policy would allow the Liverpool ship-owners to bring a claim if a slave went over the side alive, but not if a slave died on board, as that would be deemed to be bad cargo management and therefore not covered by the policy. Collingwood therefore gave orders for 133 slaves to be drowned.
Later, it was claimed that the slaves had been jettisoned because it was required "for the safety of the ship" as the ship did not have enough water to keep them alive for the rest of the voyage. This claim was later disproved as the ship had 420 gallons of water left when it arrived in Jamaica on December 22.
Captain Collingwood was killed by disease before the voyage ended.
[edit] Legal case
The ship's owners sued the insurers, demanding to be paid £30 for each slave. The case came to court twice in March 1783, during which Lord Chief Justice Lord Mansfield stated that there was "no doubt that (though it shocks one very much) the case was the same as if horses had been thrown overboard" [1] but ruled that the ship-owners could not claim insurance on the slaves because the lack of sufficient water demonstrated that the cargo had been badly managed.
No officers or crew were charged or prosecuted for the deliberate killing of 133 people. Indeed, the Solicitor-General, John Lee, declared that a master could drown slaves without "a surmise of impropriety".[2] He stated:
What is this claim that human people have been thrown overboard? This is a case of chattels or goods.Blacks are goods and property; it is madness to accuse these well-serving honourable men of murder. They acted out of necessity and in the most appropriate manner for the cause. The late Captain Collingwood acted in the interest of his ship to protect the safety of his crew.To question the judgement of an experienced well-travelled captain held in the highest regard is one of folly, especially when talking of slaves.The case is the same as if horses had been thrown overboard.[3]
[edit] Abolitionist movement
The captain's scheme was exposed by Olaudah Equiano, a former slave, who gave the details of the incident to Granville Sharp, one of the first of the anti-slave-trade activists. The revelation of this massacre gave impetus to the abolition movement and created a public uproar against slavery.
Two famous activists that emerged from the Zong massacre were Thomas Clarkson, who wrote an "Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species", and James Ramsay who wrote an "Essay on the Treatment and Conversion of African Slaves in the Sugar Colonies".
[edit] References
- Gregson v. Gilbert (KB 1783), ER, vol. 99, 3:233.Court case Zong
- Baucom, Ian. Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History. Durham : Duke University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8223-3558-1, 0822335964.
- Morton, John.Arguments About Aborigines: Australia and the Evolution of Social Anthropology.Oceania, 1997, Univ. of Sydney -[4]
- Shyllon,F.O. Black Slaves in Britain. London 1974, published for the Institute of Race Relations
[edit] External links
[edit] Further reading
- Baucom, Ian. Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History. Durham : Duke University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8223-3558-1, 0822335964.
- Morton, John.Arguments About Aborigines: Australia and the Evolution of Social Anthropology.Oceania, 1997, Univ. of Sydney
- Shyllon,F.O. Black Slaves in Britain. London 1974, published for the Institute of Race Relations
