Youth Internet Safety Survey
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The Youth Internet Safety Survey was a series of two surveys in 1999 and 2004. The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) provided funding to Dr. David Finkelhor, Director of the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire, to conduct a research survey in 1999 on Internet victimization of youth. His research was cited by the United States Department of Justice as "the best profile of this problem to date".
Crimes Against Children Research Center staff interviewed a nationally representative sample youth, aged 10 to 17, who used the Internet regularly. There were 1501 subjects in the first survey in 1999, and 1500 in the second survey in 2005.
Results from the surveys have been quoted in support of the Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006, saying that "one in five children had received an unwanted online solicitation of a sexual nature". This is a reference to the 19% found in the first survey (see "First Survey" below). This is potentially misleading, since some have interpreted this as implying adults soliciting offline sexual contact from children. The 19% includes solicitation from minors to minors, and are not generally requests for physical/"offline" contact. The same survey found that none of the solicitations led to an actual sexual contact or assault.
The more complete results and recommendations are included below.
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[edit] Definitions
Internet user: using the Internet at least once a month for the past six months at home, school, a library, or some other place.
Sexual solicitations and approaches: Requests to engage in sexual activities or sexual talk or give personal sexual information that were unwanted or, whether wanted or not, made by an adult. Note that this includes solicitation from other minors, so unwanted advances by a 13-year-old on a 14-year-old are included in this.
Aggressive sexual solicitation: Sexual solicitations involving offline contact with the perpetrator through regular mail, by telephone, or in person or attempts or requests for offline contact.
Unwanted exposure to sexual material: Without seeking or expecting sexual material, being exposed to pictures of naked people or people having sex when doing online searches, surfing the web, opening E-mail or instant messages, or opening links in E-mail or instant messages.
Harassment: Threats or other offensive behavior (not sexual solicitation), sent online to the youth or posted online about the youth for others to see.
Not all such incidents were distressing to the youth who experienced them. Distressing incidents were episodes where youth rated themselves as very or extremely upset or afraid as a result of the incident.
[edit] First Survey (1999)
Known as YISS-1. This was conducted between August 1999 and February 2000. It interviewed 1501 youth Internet users, ages 10 through 17.
[edit] Highlights of Results
Regarding "Sexual Solicitations and Approaches", the survey found:
- 19 percent of the young Internet users surveyed received an unwanted sexual solicitation in the past year.
- 5 percent of the surveyed youth received a distressing sexual solicitation (i.e., the solicitation made them feel very or extremely upset or afraid).
- 3 percent of the youth received an aggressive solicitation involving offline contact or attempts or requests for offline contact.
- None of the solicitations led to an actual sexual contact or assault.
One-third of the surveyed youth who had received a solicitation were male; two-thirds were female. The great majority (77 percent) of the victims were 14 to 17 years old; however, almost one quarter were ages 10 to 13. The younger group reported 37 percent of the distressing solicitations.
Regarding "Unwanted Exposure to Sexual Material", the survey found:
- 25 percent of the surveyed youth reported unwanted exposures to sexual material.
- 6 percent of the youth had experienced distressing exposures (i.e., the exposure made them very or extremely upset).
A slightly higher percentage of boys than girls reported exposures (57 percent vs. 42 percent) or distressing exposures (55 percent vs. 45 percent). Almost two-thirds of exposures were to youth ages 15 to 17. Less than one-tenth were to 11- and 12-year-olds, and none to 10-year-olds.
Regarding harassment, the survey found:
- Six percent of the young people surveyed reported harassment incidents (threats, rumors, or other offensive behavior) during the past year.
- Two percent of the surveyed youth reported episodes of distressing harassment (i.e., the incident made them feel very or extremely upset or afraid).
[edit] Second Survey (2004)
Known as YISS-2. This was conducted between March and June of 2005. It interviewed 1500 youth Internet users, ages 10 through 17.
[edit] Highlights of Results
Regarding "Sexual Solicitations and Approaches", the survey found:
- 13 percent of the young Internet users surveyed received an unwanted sexual solicitation in the past year. This is a decrease from the 19 percent found in the prior survey.
- 4 percent of the surveyed youth received a distressing sexual solicitation (i.e., the solicitation made them feel very or extremely upset or afraid). This is approximately the same as the 5 percent found in the prior survey.
- 4 percent of the youth received an aggressive solicitation involving offline contact or attempts or requests for offline contact. This is approximately the same as the 3 percent found in the prior survey.
- Tragically, two of the solicitations (0.1 percent) lead to sexual assault, compared to zero cases of sexual contact or assault in the prior survey. For comparison, according to the FBI's criminal victimization tables' national rate for sexual assault, one would expect 4 rapes or sexual assults every year in a group of youth this size.[1]
Regarding "Unwanted Exposure to Sexual Material", the survey found:
- 34 percent of the surveyed youth reported unwanted exposures to sexual material. This is a marked increase from the 25% found in the prior survey.
- 9 percent of the youth had experienced distressing exposures (i.e., the exposure made them very or extremely upset). This is a rough equal increase from the 6% found in the prior survey. The study attributed this rise in part to aggressive tactics by pornography marketers, and the increased speed and capacity of computers and Internet connections to transmit images.
Regarding harassment, the survey found:
- 9 percent of the young people surveyed reported harassment incidents (threats, rumors, or other offensive behavior). This is a marked increase from the 6% found in the prior survey. Study authors said it was consistent with growing indicators of online incivility among youth.
- 3 percent of the surveyed youth reported episodes of distressing harassment (i.e., the incident made them feel very or extremely upset or afraid). This is a roughly equal increase from the 2% found in the prior survey.
[edit] Commentary
The stereotype of a predator is an adult man in his thirties or forties luring young girls to personal contact. The first survey found zero
[edit] Recommendations[citation needed]
With the full data of both surveys, the second YISS full report included seventeen recommendations.
1. Expand solicitation prevention messages.
- The second Youth Internet Safety Survey suggests the proportion of youth Internet users receiving unwanted sexual solicitations has declined, and a smaller proportion of youth seem to be communicating online with people they do not know in person.
2. While prevention should be aimed at youth of all ages, it should particularly focus on preteens and teens.
- While law enforcement does receive reports of younger children being sexually solicited online, none of the 10 year olds and few 11 and 12 year olds in YISS-2 received such solicitations.
3. Focus on adolescent desires for love, romance, and companionship.
- Internet exploiters know many teens are susceptible to romantic fantasies, illusions of love, and desires for companionship.
4. Be frank with youth about online sexual activities.
- Prevention messages also need to be frank with teens about the potential risks of sexual activities on the Internet including going to X-rated web sites, talking online about sex with people they do not know in person, and engaging in cybersex.
5. Address youth involvement in the making and transmitting of sexual photographs.
- YISS-2 notes a potentially burgeoning trend of people who try to involve youth in sexual photography.
6. Use prevention to discourage adolescents from soliciting acquaintances.
- YISS-2 identified a growing trend of unwanted sexual solicitations coming from people youth knew already acquaintances, not just people they only knew online.
7. Take on the harassment issue in prevention programs.
- There are worrying signs in this survey about the increasing numbers of youth experiencing online harassment, including threats and other offensive behavior.
8. Address the group dynamics of Internet use.
- Some of the unwanted solicitations, exposure, and harassment happened when youth were using the Internet in groups, and a lot of youth were not alone when they engaged in risky sexual behavior and rudeness and harassment of others.
9. Focus on the unwanted part of Internet exposure to sexual material.
- YISS-2 found a growing exposure of youth to sexual material they did not want to see. The pornography issue is complicated and controversial.
10. Promote reporting.
- One of the most discouraging findings in this study is so few youth told authorities such as law enforcement, schools, and Internet service providers about episodes of all types.
11. Teach reasons to report.
- We need to develop and implement educational programs to motivate youth and their parents and guardians to report.
12. Increase the number and visibility of reporting options.
- People need to know where to report suspicious incidents, where to find law enforcement online, and where to find other administrative authorities who may take action.
13. Enhance reporting mechanisms.
- We need to make reporting of all sorts easier and more automatic.
14. Enhance Internet accountability.
- In striving to enhance responsible behavior on the Internet, we should consider ways to build in incentives for enhancing community and prosocial behavior and establishing positive norms.
15. Evaluate and improve filtering, blocking, and monitoring software solutions.
- YISS-2 found increased numbers of youth had filtering, blocking, and monitoring software on their systems, yet exposure to unwanted sexual material increased.
16. Train mental-health, youth-service, and education professionals to recognize and respond to Internet problems.
- Something else we need to do is broaden the coalition of people promoting Internet safety.
17. Continue to conduct research.
- A great deal of additional research would be helpful because youth Internet safety is a new field without much prior research on which to base its policy and practice.
