Young Guard (Soviet resistance)
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The Young Guard (Russian: Молодая гвардия) was an underground anti-fascist Komsomol organization, in the Nazi-occupied Soviet city of Krasnodon (Ukrainian SSR, now Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine). They were active during the Great Patriotic War until January 1943. They carried out several acts of sabotage and protest before being betrayed to the Nazis. Most members of the Young Guard, about 80 people, were tortured and then executed by the Germans.
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[edit] History
The Young Guard was established soon after Krasnodon was occupied by Nazi Germany on July 20, 1942. Several youth groups almagamated, calling themeselves the Young Guard. One of the first meetings of the organization was held on October 2 of the same year.
The organization was led by the local Communist Party underground of Krasnodon, headed by Philipp Lyutikov. Lyutikov was the former head of the parents' committee of the 4th secondary school of Krasnodon, where many members of the organization had studied. There is some controversy concerning the leadership of the Young Guard. It is widely accepted that the commander was Ivan Turkenich and the commissar was Oleg Koshevoy, but recent sources claim that the leaders were other members of the Staff of the Young Guard, namely Viktor Tretyakevich, Sergei Tyulenin and Ivan Zemnukhov.
There were about 100 members of the Young Guard, all young boys and girls - workers, 8th-10th form schoolboys and schoolgirls from Krasnodon and surrounding villages and settlements. Due to the secret nature of the Young Guard, only people well-known to other organization members, and who took the special oath of faithfulness, could become members. Most of them either belonged to the Komsomol or were accepted into Komsomol upon joining the Young Guard. 15 were members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The most active members and founders of the organization made up the Staff of the Young Guard: Ulyana Gromova, Oleg Koshevoy, Vasily Levashov, Lyubov Shevtsova, Viktor Tretyakevich, Ivan Turkenich, Sergei Tyulenin, and Ivan Zemnukhov.
[edit] Activities
Among the main activities of the organization were
- the release of 70 prisoners from the Nazi concentration camp on November 15, 1942 (20 more people were released from the hospital of the camp)
- the arson of the Nazi Labour Exchange of Krasnodon on December 6, 1942. A list of about 2,000 citizens of Krasnodon, who were intended for the deportation into the Nazi Germany were burnt
- eight Flags of the Soviet Union were hung out on highest buildings of Krasnodon on November 6 and November 7, 1942 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution
- about 5,000 anti-fascist leaflets were issued and spread in Krasnodon during the existence of the organization
Members of the organization also destroyed motor vehicles, ammunition and enemy fuel supplies. Jointly with the Communist Party underground of Krasnodon the Young Guard prepared for an anti-fascist armed rebellion, but a treachery within the organization and the betrayal of the organization to the Nazis stopped these preparations.
[edit] Treachery and execution
The Nazis knew about the existence of the underground and tried to discover its membership. Finally they succeeded in this, helped by treachery within the organization. Massive arrests began on January 5 and lasted until January 11, 1943. Just 11 members managed to evade their pursuers. All the arrested people were tortured. 71 of them, along with members of the Communist Party underground (including its head Philipp Lyutikov), many alive, were thrown into the pit of Coal Mine Number 5 (53 meters in depth), on January 15, January 16 and January 31, 1943. Oleg Koshevoy, Lyubov Shevtsova, Viktor Subbotin, Dmitry Ogurtsov, Sergei Ostapenkov were shot on February 9, 1943 in the town park of the town Rovenki. Just five days later, on February 14, 1943 Krasnodon was liberated by the Red Army.
[edit] Tributes
On September 13, 1943 five members of the Young Guard: Ulyana Gromova, Oleg Koshevoy, Lyubov Shevtsova, Sergei Tyulenin and Ivan Zemnukhov were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously, many other members were awarded various orders and medals.
Soviet writer Alexander Fadeyev wrote the book Molodaya Gvardiya (The Young Guard), in which he depicted the activities of the Young Guard.
In Krasnodon the Monument to the Members of the Young Guard was erected in 1951-1954, the memorial complex Young Guard with the museum was built in 1970 and the monument Nepokoryonnye (Unsubdued in English) was erected near the Coal Mine Number 5 in 1982. The new town Molodogvardeysk in Luhansk Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR was named after the Young Guard in 1961. Many towns, settlements, streets of Soviet cities were also named after the organization and its members.
Russian inter-regional public organization the Young Guard was established in Voronezh in 1999.
[edit] Scepticism
The official story of the group, including Fadeyev's book, has been questioned almost from the day that Krasnodon was liberated. Several researchers (both officially-sanctioned and independent) revealed ambiguities and anomalies in the versions of the story promoted by Fadeyev, the groups survivors, and the Communist Party. Some survivors and witnesses declared they were pressed to follow the official version of events until the end of Soviet era.
Several alternative versions emerged in late 1990s, the most exotic among them being the story of a Young Guard as Ukrainian nationalist (not Komsomol) organization.
The full true story of the Young Guard remains a mystery. For example, as of 2004 it is not known for certain who betrayed the Young Guard. The leadership of the organization, as mentioned above, has also been called into question.
A stamp was issued in 1944 honoring the leadership of the Young Guard, and featuring Ulyana Gromova, Ivan Zemnukhov, Oleg Koshevoy, Sergei Tyulenin, and Lyubov Shevtsova, all of whom were awarded Hero of the Soviet Union. The Pravda article referenced below, written in 2003, names the leadership as Koshevoy, Shevtsov, Ostapenko, Ogurtsov, and Subbotin. Only two of these names (Koshevoy and Shevstov, presumably Shevstova) correspond with the people named on the stamp.
[edit] "Non-treachery" Young Guard uncovering version
Studying of certificates and documents has found out Communication, that contrary to a legend created owing to Fadeev, the real organizer and the commissar of "Young Guard" was Viktor Tretyakevich, what also has been executed by nazis, but subsequently is false declared by the traitor. Koshevoy if was the commissar, at last stage of existence of the organization. New details were found out after archives of Ukranian NKVD have been opened. It was found out, that Tretyakevich and some other members of the organization, including Lubov Shevtsova, were trained in the school of 4-th (prospecting) department of a Ukranian NKVD. Probably, that the involuntary originator of destruction of group was Shevtsova.
It is known, that Shevtsova, was radist, has been directed for work in Voroshilovgrad to the resident "Kuz'min", but on family circumstances has got over in native Krasnodon where has converged with members of "Young Guard". Having returned and not having found the resident (destroyed codes and a portable radio set and escaped from city, about what it did not know), Shevtsova has left to it a note with the address in Krasnodon. The version is put forward, that after detection of this note abwehr "Young Guard" has got in development of the German military counterspionage which accepted it for serious network NKVD and have led with it game by means of imaginary guerrilla group certain "Danilo", on a legend of the colonel or even the general of Red Army. Under indications of the escaped participants it is possible to establish, what exactly "Danilo" Koshevoy has been put forward efforts in counterbalance Tretuakevich. As it is supposed, the group has been liquidated by Germans with approach of front to Krasnodon when the further continuation of game has been found inexpedient. Under statement V.Kostenko, was within war by a member of a bureau of Central Committee VLKSM, there was a special report Himmler and Hitler at, devoted " Young guards”
[edit] See also
[edit] Bibliography
- Fadeyev, Alexander, David Sevirsky and Volet Dutt (2000). The Young Guard, University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 0-89875-129-2
[edit] External links
- (Russian) Website dedicated to the Young Guard (in Russian) many photos, books and articles about the organization and its members
- Overview of Fadeyev's book in English
- Young Soviet Heroes Will Always Remain in People’s Memory (in English) article of February 6, 2003 on the official website of the Russian newspaper Pravda
- (Russian) Materials about "Young Guard"
- (Russian) Evgenie Shafransky. Secret of two commissars.
- (Russian) Grigory Nabojshchikov. File of "Young Guard"
- (Russian) Olga Musafirova. Lubov Shevtsova was "pianist" of NKVD
