Yonah Gerondi
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Yonah ben Abraham Gerondi (Hebrew: יונה גירונדי), also known as Rabbeinu Yonah and Yonah of Gerona) (d. 1263) was a Catalan rabbi and moralist, cousin of Nahmanides. He is most famous for his ethical work The Gates of Repentence (שערי תשובה).
[edit] Biography
Yonah Gerondi came from Girona, in Catalonia. Gerondi was the most prominent pupil of Solomon of Montpellier, the leader of the opponents of Maimonides' philosophical works, and was one of the signers of the ban proclaimed in 1233 against the Moreh Nebukim and the Sefer ha-Madda. According to his pupil, Hillel of Verona, Gerondi was the instigator of the public burning of Maimonides' writings by order of the authorities at Paris in 1233, and the indignation which this aroused among all classes of Jews was mainly directed against him. Subsequently (not forty days afterward, as a tradition has it, but in 1242; see note 5 to H. Grätz, Geschichte, vol. vii.), when twenty-four wagon-loads of Talmuds were burned at the same place where the philosophical writings of Maimonides had been destroyed, Gerondi saw the folly and danger of appealing to Christian ecclesiastical authorities on questions of Jewish doctrine, and publicly admitted in the synagogue of Montpellier that he had been wrong in all his acts against the works and fame of Maimonides.
In his repentance he vowed to travel to Palestine and prostrate himself on the grave of the great teacher and implore his pardon in the presence of ten men for seven consecutive days. He left France with that intention, but was detained, first in Barcelona and later in Toledo. He remained in Toledo, and became one of the great Talmudical teachers of his time. In all his lectures he made a point of quoting from Maimonides, always mentioning his name with great reverence. Gerondi's sudden death from a rare disease was considered by many as a penalty for not having carried out the plan of his journey to the grave of Maimonides. He died in Toledo, Spain, Nov., 1263.
[edit] Works
Gerondi left many works, of which only a few have been preserved. The Hiddushim to Alfasi on Berakot which are ascribed to "Rabbenu Jonah" were in reality written in Gerondi's name by one, if not several, of his pupils. The Ḥiddushim originally covered the entire work of Alfasi, but only the portion mentioned has been preserved. Gerondi wrote novellæ on the Talmud, which are often mentioned in the responsa and decisions of his pupil Solomon Aderet and of other great rabbis, and some of which are incorporated in the Shiṭṭah Mekubbeẓet of R. Bezalel Ashkenazi. Azulai had in his possession Gerondi's novellæ on the tractates Baba Batra and Sanhedrin, in manuscript (Shem ha-Gedolim, p. 75, Wilna, 1852). His novellæ on the last-named tractate form part of the collection of commentaries on the Talmud by ancient authors published by Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi under the title Sam Ḥayyim (Leghorn, 1806; see Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 422). His commentary on Pirke Avot was first published by Simḥah Dolitzki of Byelostok (Berlin and Altona, 1848). The work Issur we-Heter is wrongly attributed to Gerondi. A commentary by him on Proverbs, which is very highly praised (see Bahya ben Asher's preface to his commentary on the Pentateuch), exists in manuscript. Among other minor unpublished works known to be his are Megillat Sefarim, Hilkot Ḥanukkah, and Hilkot Yom Kippur.
But the fame of Gerondi chiefly rests on his moral and ascetic works, which, it is surmised, he wrote to atone for his earlier attacks on Maimonides and to emphasize his repentance. His Iggeret ha-Teshuvah, Shaare Teshuvah, and Sefer ha-Yirah belong to the standard Jewish ethical works of the Middle Ages, and are still popular among Orthodox Jewish preachers. The Sefer ha-Yirah was published as early as 1490, as an appendix to Joshua ben Joseph's Halikot 'Olam (see Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. p. 783). The Shaare Teshuvah first appeared in Fano (1505) with the Sefer ha-Yirah, while the Iggeret ha-Teshuvah was first published in Cracow (1586). All have been reprinted many times, separately and together, as well as numerous extracts from them; and they have been translated into Judæo-German. A part of the Iggeret ha-Teshuvah (sermon 3) first appeared, under the name Dat ha-Nashim, in Solomon Alami's Iggeret Musar (see Benjacob, l.c. p. 123). For an estimate of Gerondi's ethical works and his partial indebtedness to the Sefer Hasidim see Zur Geschichte der Jüdisch-Ethischen Literatur des Mittelalters (in Brüll's Jahrb. v.-vi. 83 et seq.). He is also supposed to be mentioned, under the name of "R. Jonah," five times in the Tosafot (Shab. 39b; M. K. 19a, 23b; Ned. 82b, 84a; see Zunz, Z. G. p. 52, Berlin, 1845).
[edit] Jewish Encyclopedia Bibliography
- Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 5859;
- Edelmann, Hemdah Genuzah, No. 6 (letters of R. Hillel of Verona), Königsberg, 1856;
- Grätz, Gesch. vol. vii., Index;
- Fürst, Bibl. Jud. i. 327-328;
- Conforte, Kore ha-Dorot, pp. 37-38, Berlin, 1845;
- Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. Benjacob, pp. 75-76;
- Karpeles, Gesch. der Jüdischen Literatur, pp. 621 et seq.;
- Winter and Wünsche, Jüdische Literatur, ii. 425-426, Treves, 1894;
- Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, pp. 448-449, Warsaw, 1886;
- Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, No. 1038, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1891
- This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
