Yellow Warbler

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Yellow Warbler
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Dendroica
Species: D. petechia
Binomial name
Dendroica petechia
(Linnaeus, 1766)

The Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia, is a New World warbler. It is the most widespread Dendroica warbler, breeding in almost the whole of North America and down to northern South America. It has 35 geographical races, which can be divided into three main groups.

  • The Yellow Warbler, aestiva, group breeds in the whole of North America as far south as central Mexico in open, often wet, woodland or shrub. It is migratory, wintering in Central and South America. This form is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It is 11.5 cm long and weighs 9 g. The summer males of this group are greenish above and yellow below, with red breast streaking. The various aestiva races vary mainly in brightness.
  • The Mangrove Warbler, erithacoroides, group is larger at 12.5 g and weighs 11 g. It is resident in the mangrove swamps of coastal Central America and northern South America. The summer males differ from aestiva Yellow Warblers in that they have rufous hoods. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the hood.
  • The Golden Warbler, petechia, group is resident in the mangrove swamps of the West Indies. The summer males differs from aestiva Yellow Warblers in that they have a rufous crown or hood. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the head patch.

Other plumages of all races are essentially greenish above and a duller yellow below, although young males soon acquire breast and, where appropriate, head colouration.

Yellow Warblers nest in trees, building a cup nest. Aestiva lays 3-6 eggs, but the two other groups, which breed in mangroves, lay fewer eggs, as would be expected for tropical races.

These birds feed on insects and spiders, but northern races will also take some berries.

The song is a musical sweet sweet sweet, I'm so sweet, although it varies considerably between races. The call is a soft or harder ship.

This species is a regular victim of the Brown-headed Cowbird, a nest parasite.

Contents

[edit] References

[edit] External link

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Lowther, P. E., C. Celada, N. K. Klein, C. C. Rimmer, and D. A. Spector. (1999). Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database

[edit] Thesis

  • Arter TH. M.S. (1981). REPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR OF MALE SONG SPARROWS AND YELLOW WARBLERS AS DETERMINED FROM REMOVAL EXPERIMENTS. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
  • Beebee MD. Ph.D. (2003). Signal complexity in avian communication: The function of multiple singing modes in yellow warblers. Duke University, United States -- North Carolina.
  • Boulet M. Ph.D. (2005). Evolutionary history and migration patterns in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). McMaster University (Canada), Canada.
  • Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States -- Arizona.
  • Burgham MCJ. M.Sc. (1985). The impact of brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird on the reproductive tactics of the yellow warbler. University of Ottawa (Canada), Canada.
  • Cassidy ALEV. M.Sc. (1987). Male quality as expressed by song and plumage in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) and its relationship to mate choice and reproductive success. McGill University (Canada), Canada.
  • Celada C. Ph.D. (2000). Territory choice and quality in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia): The importance of habitat spatial structure, spatial scale, social factors, and the impact of cattle grazing. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.
  • Clark KL. M.Sc. (1978). The selective advantages of yellow warblers, Dendroic petechia, nesting in interspecific aggregations. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Debruyne CA. M.Sc. (2003). Pattern and chronology of prebasic moult in wood-warblers (Parulidae). Lakehead University (Canada), Canada.
  • Frydendall MJ. Ph.D. (1967). FEEDING ECOLOGY AND TERRITORIAL BEHAVIORAL OF THE YELLOW WARBLER. Utah State University, United States -- Utah.
  • Gill SA. M.Sc. (1995). Information transfer, function, and evolution of yellow warbler alarm calls. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Hebert PN. Ph.D. (1991). The relative importance of brood reduction, predation and parental investment in the evolution of hatching asynchrony in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Hebert PN. Ph.D. (1991). The relative importance of brood reduction, predation and parental investment in the evolution of hatching asynchrony in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Hobson KA. M.Sc. (1988). Protection of genetic parentage in the yellow warbler, Dendroica petechia. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Klein NK. Ph.D. (1992). Historical processes and the evolution of geographic variation patterns in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.
  • Lozano GA. Ph.D. (1996). Parental care and female mate choice in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). McGill University (Canada), Canada.
  • McLaren CM. M.Sc. (2000). Patterns of host nest use by brown-headed cowbirds parasitizing song sparrows and yellow warblers. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • McMaster DG. Ph.D. (1997). An experimental investigation of strategies used by brown-headed cowbirds to optimize parental care. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Merkle WW. Ph.D. (2002). Recreational trail-use effects on American robin (Turdus migratorius) and yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) nesting ecology and behavior. University of Colorado at Boulder, United States -- Colorado.
  • Mico MA. M.Sc. (1998). Yellow warbler nests: Structure, building materials and cowbird parasitism. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Mitra SS. Ph.D. (1996). Sexual dimorphism and plumage elaboration in socially-monogamous birds. The University of Chicago, United States -- Illinois.
  • Mochol FE. M.A. (1982). SONG COMPONENTS ELICITING SPECIES RECOGNITION IN THE YELLOW WARBLER (DENDROICA PETECHIA). State University of New York College at Geneseo, United States -- New York.
  • Salgado-Ortiz J. Ph.D. (2006). Breeding ecology of the mangrove warbler (Dendroica petechia bryanti): Assessing the effects of weather, food abundance and nest depredation. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Scarpino VM. M.A. (1985). VOCAL RECOGNITION IN THE YELLOW WARBLER (DENDROICA PETECHIA) (INDIVIDUAL, MATE, RECOGNITION, NEW YORK). State University of New York College at Geneseo, United States -- New York.
  • Skaley JE. Ph.D. (1981). CLASSIFYING AVIAN HABITAT WITH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS. Cornell University, United States -- New York.
  • Spector DA. Ph.D. (1989). The singing behavior of Yellow Warblers. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.
  • Stewart RLM. M.Sc. (2003). Reported black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoo hosts' responses to a dummy black-billed cuckoo and cuckoo-like eggs. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Studd MV. M.Sc. (1984). Patterns of plumage variation, territoriality, and parental investment in yellow warblers. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Studd MV. Ph.D. (1987). ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR ALLOCATION OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN MALE YELLOW WARBLERS. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Sutherland DL. M.Sc. (1987). Age-related reproductive success in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
  • Tewksbury JJ. Ph.D. (2000). Breeding biology of birds in a Western riparian forest: From demography to behavior. University of Montana, United States -- Montana.
  • Vieira SJ. Ph.D. (2001). The interaction of nest predation and brood parasitism: Factors and consequences of renesting in songbirds. Michigan State University, United States -- Michigan.
  • Wiedenfeld DA. Ph.D. (1988). Ecomorphology and foraging behavior of the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). The Florida State University, United States -- Florida.
  • Wilson CM. Ph.D. (2002). An endocrine basis for trade-offs between immediate survival and reproductive success in arctic- and temperate-breeding yellow warblers, Dendroica petechia. The University of Mississippi, United States -- Mississippi.
  • Witt JW. Ph.D. (2005). Shrub and grassland birds at Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge in northern Virginia and the influence burning and mowing has had upon their distribution and abundance. George Mason University, United States -- Virginia.
  • Yezerinac SM. Ph.D. (1995). Extra-pair mating in yellow warblers: Sexual selection and reproductive strategies. Carleton University (Canada), Canada.


[edit] Articles

  • Bankwitz KG & Thompson WL. (1979). Song Characteristics of the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. Wilson Bulletin. vol 91, no 4. p. 533-550.
  • Beebee MD. (2004). The functions of multiple singing modes: experimental tests in yellow warblers, Dendroica petechia. Animal Behaviour. vol 67, no Part 6. p. 1089-1097.
  • Biermann GC & Sealy SG. (1982). Parental Feeding of Nestling Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia in Relation to Brood Size and Prey Availability. Auk. vol 99, no 2. p. 332-341.
  • Briskie JV. (1995). Nesting biology of the Yellow Warbler at the northern limit of its range. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 66, no 4. p. 531-543.
  • Browning MR. (1989). The Nomenclatural Status and Type Locality of the Yellow Warbler Subspecies Dendroica-Petechia-Aestiva Gmelin Aves Parulinae. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 103, no 4. p. 597-599.
  • Browning MR. (1994). A taxonomic review of Dendroica petechia (Yellow warbler) (Aves: Parulinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. vol 107, no 1. p. 27-51.
  • Burgham MCJ & Picman J. (1989). Effect of Brown-Headed Cowbirds on the Evolution of Yellow Warbler Anti-Parasite Strategies. Animal Behaviour. vol 38, no 2. p. 298-308.
  • Busby DG & Sealy SG. (1979). Feeding Ecology of a Population of Nesting Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 57, no 8. p. 1670-1681.
  • Celada C. (1998). Avian response to territory quality and spatial structure. The Yellow Warbler as an example. Biologia e Conservazione della Fauna. vol 102, no 285.
  • Cilimburg AB, Lindberg MS, Tewksbury JJ & Hejl SJ. (2002). Effects of dispersal on survival probability of adult Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia). Auk. vol 119, no 3. p. 778-789.
  • Clark KL & Robertson RJ. (1981). Cowbird Molothrus-Ater Parasitism and Evolution of Anti Parasite Strategies in the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. Wilson Bulletin. vol 93, no 2. p. 249-258.
  • Cosens SE & Sealy SG. (1986). Age-Related Variation in Song Repertoire Size and Repertoire Sharing of Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 64, no 9. p. 1926-1929.
  • Dawson RJG, Gibbs HL, Hobson KA & Yezerinac SM. (1997). Isolation of microsatellite DNA markers from a passerine bird, Dendroica petechia (the yellow warbler), and their use in population studies. Heredity. vol 79, no 5. p. 506-514.
  • Dellasala DA. (1986). Polygyny in the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. Wilson Bulletin. vol 98, no 1. p. 152-154.
  • Folkers KL & Lowther PE. (1985). Responses of Nesting Red-Winged Blackbirds Agelaius-Phoeniceus and Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia to Brown-Headed Cowbirds Molothrus-Ater. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 56, no 2. p. 175-177.
  • Gibbs HL, Dawson RJG & Hobson KA. (2000). Limited differentiation in microsatellite DNA variation among northern populations of the yellow warbler: Evidence for male-biased gene flow?. Molecular Ecology. vol 9, no 12. p. 2137-2147.
  • Goossen JP & Sealy SG. (1982). Production of Young in a Dense Nesting Population of Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia in Manitoba Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 96, no 2. p. 189-199.
  • Hobson KA & Sealy SG. (1989). Mate Guarding in the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. Ornis Scandinavica. vol 20, no 4. p. 241-249.
  • Hobson KA & Sealy SG. (1990). Female Song in the Yellow Warbler. Condor. vol 92, no 1. p. 259-261.
  • Klein NK. (1990). Character Evolution and Phylogenetic Relationships among Populations of the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. University of Maryland and the Smithsonian Institute. FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND, USA, JULY 1-7, 1990.
  • Klein NK & Brown WM. (1994 (1995)). Intraspecific molecular phylogeny in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia), and implications for avian biogeography in the West Indies. Evolution. vol 48, no 6. p. 1914-1932.
  • Lichtenstein G & Sealy SG. (1998). Nestling competition, rather than supernormal stimulus, explains the success of parasitic brown-headed cowbird chicks in yellow warbler nests. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. p. 7, 1998.
  • Lowther PE, Celada C, Klein NK, Rimmer CC & Spector DA. (1999). Yellow warbler: Dendroica petechia. Birds of North America. vol 454, p. 1-31.
  • Lozano GA & Lemon RE. (1995). Food abundance and parental care in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 37, no 1. p. 45-50.
  • Lozano GA & Lemon RE. (1996). Male plumage, paternal care and reproductive success in yellow warblers, Dendroica petechia. Animal Behaviour. vol 51, no 2. p. 265-272.
  • Lozano GA & Lemon RE. (1998). Adoption of Yellow Warbler nestlings by song sparrows. Wilson Bulletin. vol 110, no 1. p. 131-133.
  • Lozano GA & Lemon RE. (1998). Parental-care responses by yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) to simultaneous manipulations of food abundance and brood size. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 76, no 5. p. 916-924.
  • Mannan RW. (1979). American Redstart Setophaga-Ruticilla Assists at Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia Nest. Bird Banding. vol 50, no 3.
  • Mazerolle DF, Dufour KW, Hobson KA & den Haan HE. (2005). Effects of large-scale climatic fluctuations on survival and production of young in a Neotropical migrant songbird, the yellow warbler Dendroica petechia. Journal of Avian Biology. vol 36, no 2. p. 155-163.
  • McMaster DG & Sealy SG. (1998). Short incubation periods of brown-headed cowbirds: How do cowbird eggs hatch before yellow warbler eggs?. Condor. vol 100, no 1. p. 102-111.
  • McMaster DG & Sealy SG. (1999). Do Brown-headed Cowbird hatchlings alter adult Yellow Warbler behavior during the hatching period?. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 70, no 3. p. 365-373.
  • Mennill DJ. (2001). Song characteristics and singing behavior of the Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica petechia bryanti). Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 72, no 3. p. 327-337.
  • Milot E, Gibbs HL & Hobson KA. (2000). Phylogeography and genetic structure of northern populations of the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia). Molecular Ecology. vol 9, no 6. p. 667-681.
  • Mitra SS. (1996). Sexual dimorphism and genetic parentage in the socially-monogamous yellow warbler. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. p. PART 2) 309, 1996.
  • Olson SL. (1980). Geographic Variation in the Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia Parulidae of the Pacific Coast of Middle America and South America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. vol 93, no 2. p. 473-480.
  • Reid W. (1992). Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia. Brauning, D. vol W, p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.
  • Sealy SG. (1984). Extrapair Copulation in the Yellow Warbler Dendroica-Petechia. Animal Behaviour. vol 32, no 1. p. 295-296.
  • Sealy SG. (1989). Incidental Egg Dumping by the House Wren in a Yellow Warbler Nest. Wilson Bulletin. vol 101, no 3. p. 491-493.
  • Sealy SG. (1992). Removal of Yellow Warbler Eggs in Association with Cowbird Parasitism. Condor. vol 94, no 1. p. 40-54.
  • Sealy SG & Lorenzana JC. (1998). Yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) do not recognize their own eggs. Bird Behavior. vol 12, no 3-4. p. 57-66.
  • Studd MV & Robertson RJ. (1985). Evidence for Reliable Badges of Status in Territorial Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia. Animal Behaviour. vol 33, no 4. p. 1102-1113.
  • Studd MV & Robertson RJ. (1985). Sexual Selection and Variation in Reproductive Strategy in Male Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 17, no 2. p. 101-110.
  • Studd MV & Robertson RJ. (1988). Differential Allocation of Reproductive Effort to Territorial Establishment and Maintenance by Male Yellow Warblers Dendroica-Petechia. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 23, no 4. p. 199-210.
  • Taylor DM & Littlefield CD. (1986). Willow Flycatcher and Yellow Warbler Response to Cattle Grazing. American Birds. vol 40, no 5. p. 1169-1173.
  • Underwood TJ. (2003). Red squirrel predation on Warbling Vireo and Yellow Warbler Nests. Blue Jay. vol 61, no 4. p. 199-200.
  • Whitmore RC, Whitmore RC & Whitmore MM. (2000). Distributional notes on the Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica petechia castaneiceps) near the northern edge of its range in eastern Baja California Sur, Mexico. Western North American Naturalist. vol 60, no 2. p. 228-229.
  • Wilson CM & Holberton RL. (2005). Individual risk versus immediate reproductive success: A basis for latitudinal differences in the adrenocortical response to stress in Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia). Auk. vol 121, no 4. p. 1238-1249.
  • Wilson CM & Holberton RL. (2005). Individual risk versus immediate reproductive success: A basis for latitudinal differences in the adrenocortical response to stress in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) (vol 121, 1238, 2005). Auk. vol 122, no 1. p. 05.
  • Yezerinac SM, Gibbs HL, Briskie JV, Whittam R & Montgomerie R. (1999). Extrapair paternity in a far northern population of Yellow Warblers Dendroica petechia. Journal of Avian Biology. vol 30, no 2. p. 234-237.
  • Yezerinac SM & Weatherhead PJ. (1997). Extra-pair mating, male plumage coloration and sexual selection in yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. vol 264, no 1381. p. 527-532.
  • Yezerinac SM & Weatherhead PJ. (1997). Reproductive synchrony and extra-pair mating strategy in a socially monogamous bird, Dendroica petechia. Animal Behaviour. vol 54, no 6. p. 1393-1403.
  • Yezerinac SM, Weatherhead PJ & Boag PT. (1995). Extra-pair paternity and the opportunity for sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird (Dendroica petechia). Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 37, no 3. p. 179-188.
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