Yale University Observatory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message. This article has been tagged since December 2005. |
Yale's first observatory, the Atheneum, was situated in a tower, which from 1830 housed Yale's first and America's largest refractor, a 5-inch Dollond donated by Sheldon Clark. With this telescope Olmsted and Elias Loomis made the first American sighting of the return of Halley's Comet in 1835. (August 31; seen in Europe August 6, but no news of this had reached America). The telescope was mounted on casters and moved from window to window, but it could not reach altitudes much over 30 deg above the horizon.
Still later, in 1870, a cylindrical turret was added above the tower, so that all altitudes could be reached. The building was demolished in 1893 and the telescope is now at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
The observatory, in the turret (modelled after the gun turret of the ironclad ship USS Monitor), housed a 9-inch Alvan Clark refractor donated by Joseph E. Sheffield. The telescope was later housed in the dome on Bingham Hall (the dome later converted to a small planetarium, and now used as an experimental aquarium).
An 8-inch telescope financed by E.M. Reed of New Haven was first used for photographing the Sun during the Transit of Venus on December 6, 1882.
The observatory also possessed an heliometer, ordered from Repsold and Sons by H. A. Newton in 1880, delivered in time for measurements of the Transit of Venus on December 6, 1882 for determination of solar parallax. This is the same type of instrument that Friedrich Bessel used in 1838 for the first significant determination of a stellar parallax (of the star 61 Cygni). Under the direction of W. L. Elkin from 1883 to 1910 the heliometer yielded (according to Frank Schlesinger) the most (238) and the best parallaxes obtained before the advent of photographic astrometry.
In the late 1890's, W. L. Elkin built two batteries of cameras equipped with rotating shutters for obtaining the velocities as well as the heights of meteors, pioneering work in the study of meteors.
The Loomis Tower on Canner Street, erected in 1923 in memory of Elias Loomis (1811-1889), was at the time the largest polar telescope in America. The installation was originally designed for the comfort of the observer who sat at the eyepiece in a warm room at the top of the tower. The tube (beneath the stairs) was parallel to the polar axis of the Earth. The building at the base of the tower had a sliding roof and housed a 30-inch optical flat coelostat mirror driven equatorially and reflecting light from any unobscured part of the sky through both a 15-inch photographic and a 10-inch visual guide telescope, both of the same focal length, 600 inches.
In 1945, the telescope was reversed, with the 15-inch objective at the top, the plate holder at the foot of the tube. The telescope was thus rigidly mounted for photographing the polar region only, for the purpose of investigating the wobbling of the axis of rotation of the earth and redetermining the constants of precession and nutation.
The Loomis Telescope was moved to Bethany, CT in 1957, to continue monitoring the apparent motion of the axis of the earth. Carol Williams analyzed plates for her Ph.D. thesis, 1967. She found apparent motions largely correlated with tidal disturbances of the earth's crust.
In 1925, Schlesinger, who has been described as "the father of modern astrometry" in part for his role in perfecting the photographic methods of parallax determination, established a Southern Station at Johannesburg, South Africa. A 26-inch long-focus refractor was erected at this site for the determination of parallaxes of southern stars (it was the largest refractor in the southern hemisphere when first installed). Nearly 70000 plates were taken with this telescope, which was moved to Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia in 1952. The telescope was destroyed by a firestorm on January 18, 2003 which also destroyed the other main telescopes at the Observatory, the library and many of the buildings as well as 500 houses in Canberra. The firestorm was a sad end to a telescope that played a major role in defining our knowledge of the distances, motions and masses of the brighter stars during the 20th century. An abridged version of this manuscript appears in the journal Astronomy and Geophysics (October 2003).
