Xiá
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The xiá (俠) is a Chinese term and concept that refers to a righteous person who excels in Chinese martial arts and who uses their armed expertise to protect the innocent and right social unfairness or injustice (鋤強扶弱). Such a person is said to possess "martial virtue", wǔ dé (武德).
The xiá concept is the basis for the Wuxia genre of Chinese literature and cinema, and is fundamental to the understanding of the genre. Liang Yusheng, a founder of the post-war "new school" wuxia literture, once asserted: "I'd rather write a wuxia story with no force or martial arts, than to devoid them of the spirit of xiá" (“宁可无武，不可无侠”).
[edit] Cultural correlations
Xiá could be roughly compared to "chivalry" or 'heroes/heroines". and similar in part to (and often translated as) the Western concept of knights and knighthood, but owing to differences in cultural contexts, there are both major and minor differences:
- The feudal overtones of Charlemagne's or William the Conqueror's enfeoffed cavalry made up of nobles by birth are wholly missing from the Chinese concept. Unlike a knight, the xiá ("chivalrous man") need not serve a lord or hold any military power; neither are they required to be from an aristocratic class. In comparison, the main identification of a xiá is a code of conduct and an ideology of honor and social justice dedicated to serving the good of the people. The philosophy's expectations of good character in teacher-student relationships is a fundamental feature of traditional Chinese martial arts training. Another difference from western knights is that there are xiá who are women.
- Japanese bushido is a warrior code. As with western knights, it is based on a military caste's allegiance to a lord.
A well-known description comes from the historian Sima Qian:
- "He will honor his words; he will definitely carry out his actions. What he promises he will fulfill. He does not care his bodily self, putting his life and death aside to come forward for another's troubled besiegement. He does not boast about his ability, or shamelessly extol his own virtues." (Records of the Grand Historian)
[edit] History
The concept of xiá goes back to the Zhou dynasty and the Spring and Autumn period. Referring to a class of warriors (the shi 士) whose social position is sandwiched between the commoners and the royalties, the xiá (sometimes known as xiake 俠客 or xiashi 俠士) is originally the military counterpart (wu-shi 武士) of the more scholarly shi (仕) who eventually developed into Confucian scholars. Both are highly prized by feudal princes and warlords, one becoming intellectual advisors who contribute to the governing of the state, the other ending up as guest residents of their masters living by the blade. In ancient China, their preference to use force to resolve a conflict sometimes made them unpopular and inseparable from the common ruffians in the eyes of bureaucrats. The Legalist Han Feizi, for example, listed the xiá among the five vermins of society.
The concept of xiá however underwent many transformations through the centuries. By the end of the Qing dynasty it has come to represent an ideal hero who wielded power by force, but could withhold it if necessary, and more importantly, possesses a sense of moral justice.
[edit] Equivalence
A close equivalence of xiá to the English world can be found in Robin Hood, frequently identified by the Chinese as a "xiá-robber" (俠盜)—one with his own morally justifiable code of conduct despite being a law-breaker. Superheroes such as Batman are also called xiá in Chinese translation.
