William Kempe
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- See Will Kempe (actor) for the contemporary television actor
William Kempe (also spelled Kemp) (fl. 1600) was an English actor and dancer best known for being one of the original actors in William Shakespeare's plays. Specialising in comic roles, he was considered during the period as the successor to the great Queen's Men clown Richard Tarlton.
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[edit] Life
Of Kempe's early life, nothing is known. He enters the historical record as a member of the Earl of Leicester's company, for he is known to have performed at Leicester's house in May 1585; the Earl made a special payment of ten shillings for this performance. Kempe continued in that service after Leicester left for the Low Countries to command English forces in the Eighty Years' War. Philip Sidney, Leicester's brother, sent letters home by way of a man he called "Will, my Lord of Lester's jesting player"; it is now accepted that this Will is Will Kempe. In a letter to Francis Walsingham, Sidney complained that Kemp had delivered these letters to Lady Leicester rather than Sidney's wife.
After a brief return to England, Kempe accompanied two other future Lord Chamberlain's Men, George Bryan and Thomas Pope, to Elsinore, Denmark, where he entertained Frederick II. He appears not to have remained long in Elsinore, but his whereabouts in the later 1580s are not known.
That his fame was growing during this period is indicated by Thomas Nashe's An Almond for a Parrot (1590), which Nashe dedicates to Kempe, calling him "vice-gerent general to the ghost of Dick Tarlton." The title-page of the quarto of A Knack to Know a Knave advertises Kempe's "merriments"; because title-pages were a means to draw attention to a book, the mention of Kempe suggests that he had become an attraction in his own right. Critics have generally viewed the scene in which Kempe performs as rather flat (Collier, 97); it is assumed that the scene provided a framework within which Kempe could improvise. Entries in the Stationers' Register indicate that three jigs perhaps written by Kempe were published between 1591 and 1595; two of these have survived.
By 1592, and perhaps earlier, Kempe was one of Lord Strange's Men; he is listed in the Privy Council authorization for that troupe to play seven miles out of London. In 1594, upon the dissolution of Strange's Men, Kempe, along with Richard Burbage and William Shakespeare, joined the Lord Chamberlain's Men. He remained with the company until near the end of the century, when a still-unclear sequence of events removed him from the company. Early in 1599, the Burbages included him as a sharer in the plans to construct the Globe Theatre. At some point during the year, he resumed his solo career.
In February and March of 1600, Kempe undertook what he would later call his "Nine Days Wonder", in which he morris danced from London to Norwich (a distance of over a hundred miles) in a journey which took him nine days spread over several weeks, often amid cheering crowds. Later that year he published a description of the event in order to prove to doubters that it was true. (The year he gives was 1599 Old Style, which has caused some later confusion. That Kempe's jig took place in 1600 (New Style) is established by a record of the payment of his prize money by the Norwich Town Council.)
Kempe's activities after this famous stunt are as obscure as his origins. On evidence from The Travels of the Three English Brothers, Kemp is assumed to have made another European tour, perhaps reaching Italy; by 1601, he was borrowing money from Philip Henslowe and had joined Worcester's Men. The last undoubted mention of him occurs in Henslowe's diary in late 1602. Parish records record the death of "Kempe, a man" in St. Savior, Southwark, late in 1603; while this is not clearly the comedian, the record fits his departure from the documentary record.
[edit] Work
In his time, Kempe was as famous for his jigs as for his acting in regular drama. The jig, a kind of rustic cousin to commedia dell'arte featured as many as five performers in a partially-improvised song-and-dance routine. Jigs had plots, often bawdy, but the emphasis was on dancing and physical comedy. Two of Kempe's jigs survive in English, and two more in German. Examples of the jigs may be seen in the manuscript collection of John Dowland (now in the Cambridge University library). A famous 17th Century jig called Kempe's Jig was named after Will Kempe and was published in the first book of John Playford's The English Dancing Master of 1651.
As an actor, Kempe is certainly associated with two roles: Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing and Peter in Romeo and Juliet. (In the quarto text of the latter, and in both quarto and First Folio text of the former, he is identified in speech prefixes and stage directions.) From these hints, a list of Kempe's parts has been deduced which, if conjectural, is not improbable: Costard in Love's Labours Lost, Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Lancelot Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice, and Cob in Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour. Falstaff is a more ambiguous case. Though Falstaff presents some features of an Elizabethan dramatic clown, his character is higher in class and more complex than the other roles with which Kempe is associated.
[edit] Kempe in modern fiction
- In the 1998 John Madden film Shakespeare in Love, Kempe is played by veteran character actor Patrick Barlow.
- In the 2007 Doctor Who episode The Shakespeare Code, Kempe is played by David Westhead.
- In Harry Turtledove's alternate history novel Ruled Britannia Kempe is one of the main characters. His antics provide much of the novel's humour, and the book includes references to his "Nine Days Wonder".
[edit] References
- Records of Early English Drama - Norwich 1540-1642, 1984, 114-115 [Norwich Mayors' Court Books XIII p.418] - Record of payment to Kemp for his jig
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- Bald, R. C. "Leicester's Men in the Low Countries." Review of English Studies 19 (1943), 395-7.
- Collier, J. P.. Lives of the Original Actors in Shakespeare's Plays. London: Shakespeare Society, 1853.
- Nielsen, James. "Kemp at the Globe." Shakespeare Quarterly 44 (1993), 466-468.
- Nunzeger, Edwin. A Dictionary of Actors and of Other Persons Associated With the Public Presentation of Plays in England Before 1642. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929.
- Wright, Louis. "Will Kemp and Commedia dell'Arte." Modern Language Notes 41 (1926), 516-520.
