William Ferrel
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- This page is about the meteorologist; for the comedian, see Will Ferrell.
William Ferrel (1817 – 1891), an American meteorologist, developed theories which explained the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation cell in detail, and it is after him that the Ferrel cell is named.
Ferrel demonstrated that it is the tendency of rising warm air, as it rotates due to the Coriolis effect, to pull in air from more southerly, warmer regions and transport it poleward. It is this rotation which creates the complex curvatures in the frontal systems separating the cooler Arctic air to the north from the warmer continental tropical air to the south.
Ferrel improved upon Hadley's theory by recognizing an until then overlooked mechanism. A quote from his first paper:
The fourth and last force arises from the combination of a relative east or west motion of the atmosphere with the rotatory motion of the earth. In consequence of the atmosphere's revolving on a common axis with that of the earth, each particle is impressed with a centrifugal force, which, being resolved into a vertical and a horizontal force, the latter causes it to assume a spheroidal form conforming to the figure of the earth. But, if the rotatory motion of any part of the atmosphere has a relative eastern motion with regard to the earth's surface, this force is increased, and if it has a relative western motion, it is diminished, and this difference gives rise to a disturbing force which prevents the atmosphere being in a state of equilibrium, with a figure conforming to that of the earth's surface, but causes accumulation of the atmosphere at certain latitudes and a depression at others, and the consequent differences in the pressure of the atmosphere in these latitudes very materially influences its motions. [1]
Hadley's erroneous reasoning had been in terms of a tendency to conserve linear momentum, as air mass travels from north to south or from south to north. Ferrel recognized that in meteorology and oceanography what needs to be taken into account is a tendency to of air mass that is in motion relative to the earth to conserve the angular momentum (of its angular velocity with respect to the earth's axis).
- ^ Ferrel, W. 'An essay on the winds and the currents of the Oceans', Nashville journal of medicine and surgery, 1856.
An essay on the winds and the currents of the Oceans (PDF-file 1.4 MB, scanned images of entire pages.)
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