William Cosby
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Sir William Cosby (1690–March 10, 1736) served as the British royal governor of New York from 1732 to 1736.
During his short term as governor, Cosby was portrayed as one of the most oppressive royal placeholders in British Colonial America. In 1735, Cosby accused publisher John Peter Zenger of sedition and libel for publishing unflattering reports about Cosby. In spite of Cosby's efforts, Zenger was acquitted of all charges and the case helped to establish the concept of freedom of the press.
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[edit] Early life and military career
William Cosby was born in Stradbally Hall, Queen's County, Ireland, in 1690. His father, Alexander Cosby of Stradbally, stemmed from an aristocratic British family that settled in Ireland in 1590, by the first Alexander Cosby. His mother, Elizabeth L'Estrange, was Irish.
In 1703, 13-year-old William Cosby traveled to Italy and earned money by gambling in card games. The next year he enlisted in the British Army at Spain, under General Stanhope's command. In successive years, his military career progressed: Cornet of the 5th Dragoon Guard (August 24, 1705), Captain of the 2nd Dragoon Guard, Harvey's Regiment of Horse (April 15, 1711), Colonel of the 18th Irish Regiment (December 24, 1717).
In 1711, Sir William Cosby married Grace Montagu, a British lady with connections at Buckingham Palace, as sister of George Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax. They had children: William (1713), Grace (1716), Elizabeth (1721), Grace (1723) and Henry (1719). All of them were born in Britain, mostly at Westminster, London. Both sons followed careers in the military afterward. A third son, Alexander, born 1717, is not recorded as a son of William in contemporary documents, but was a son of Grace.
Crosby had a home in Soho Square and one in St Leonards Hill. (The old name for the town of Windsor.) [ See Will]
[edit] Balearic Islands
In 1717, Sir William Cosby was promoted to Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Ireland. The next year, this regiment was transferred to Minorca, in the Balearic Islands. William Cosby acted as governor of Minorca from 1718. His administration was unremarkable in most respects, but he ran into difficulties when he illegally seized a Portuguese ship and attempted to appropriate its valuable cargo of snuff for his own benefit.[1]
[edit] New York's Royal Governor
When George II of Britain was crowned, he transferred New York's Royal Governor William Burnet to be the Royal Governor of Massachusetts & New Hampshire. Burnet's successor, John Montgomerie, died soon after taking office. On January 13, 1732, George II appointed William Cosby as "Captain General & Governor in Chief of the Provinces of New York, New Jersey and Territories depending thereon in America". The interim governor, who would serve until Cosby arrived in America, was Rip Van Dam.
Sir William Cosby arrived to New York City on April 24, 1732, bringing his wife, two of his daughters, and one of his sons. He assumed office on August 7. At the time, New York had a mere 50,000 inhabitants. Eastern Manhattan island housed a fifth of that population and its port activity was booming with docks and shipyards.
King George II gave Cosby a land grant on January 2, 1734. The land was located on the Mohawk River, in upper New York, and named Cosby's Manor later (February 19, 1736). Cosby was promoted to Vice Admiral on September 29, 1735, and to Brigadier General on November 30, 1735, while serving as royal governor.
[edit] Salary disputes
Governors' salaries were always a contentious issue in eighteenth-century British America. When Cosby arrived in New York, he demanded that the acting governor, Van Dam, turn over half the salary he had received during his term to Cosby. Van Dam replied that he would not do so unless Cosby turned over half of the (presumably much larger) fees he had reaped from the office while in England. Cosby responded by taking Van Dam to court. Moreover, he insisted that the court proceed through equity jurisdiction, thus obviating the need for a jury. Equity proceedings were extremely unpopular in colonial America, especially if the equity courts were constituted without the colonial legislature's consent; colonists saw them as a form of tyranny. Chief Justice Lewis Morris, aware of public opinion, dismissed Cosby's case on legal grounds on April 9, 1733. Cosby retaliated by removing Morris from office. He also dismissed Van Dam from the Provincial Council. James DeLancey, a hardline loyalist, was named the new Chief Justice. Afterwards, Morris justified his decision in the New York Weekly Journal, an opposition newspaper. This episode was significant both because it was the precursor to the Zenger trial (discussed below) and because it augmented Cosby's reputation for arbitrary, tyrannical rule.[2]
Meanwhile, Cosby secured an adequate salary for himself by refusing to call for new elections to the New York Assembly. The grateful assemblymen willingly voted him five years of support.[3]
[edit] Court Party vs. Country Party
As a direct consequence of the removal of Lewis Morris, two political forces were consolidated:
- The Court Party or Tory faction. Its partisans included Adolphe Philipse {Son of Frederick Philipse I of Philipse Manor}, and Philip Van Cortlandt {son of Stephanus Van Cortlandt who was a father-in-law of Frederick Philipse I}. The new Justice Chief James DeLancey was their leader.
- The country party, or Morrisites. Its partisans included Lewis Morris (1671-1746), Rip Van Dam, James Alexander, William Smith (a lawyer disbarred by Cosby from the government), and others.
While these two parties did not comprise the whole of colonial New York's political spectrum, the conflict between them became one of the central axes of New York political life. Both parties were dominated by wealthy, land-owning clans, but the Court Party was more cosmopolitan than the country party, which focused on provincial economic development.[4]
In 1735-36, Morris visited London to plead his case directly to the Crown. He failed either to secure Cosby's dismissal as governor or to secure his own reappointment as Chief Justice.[5] Nevertheless, Morris was ultimately appointed governor of New Jersey. In New York, the Septennial Act of 1743 ensured that assembly elections would henceforth be held at regular intervals, no less than once every seven years.[6]
[edit] Hopewell encroaching
As Royal Governor, Cosby illegally seized lands owned by colonists in Hopewell, New Jersey, awarding them to his Royalist allies, Dr. Daniel Coxe and his son.
Cosby pushed out the settlers, forcing them to repurchase their properties, and then, as supreme judicial official of the colony, rejected the popular pleas led by Lewis Morris.
Before leaving for North Carolina, the former settlers retaliated. Armed with tar and feathers, they attacked the new householders and many government functionaries. William Cosby's subsequent official proclamation stated that "...he or they may be brought to condign Punishment... (so) I do hereby promise to Pay to the Discovered the Sum of Thirty Pounds Proclamation Money...(as reward)" (1735).
[edit] Native American relations
Ensconced in his own world of increasing self-wealth and political repression, Governor William Cosby neglected his duties in frontier affairs. Military expeditions were easily defeated by Chickasaws, Catawbas and Cherokees. Also, the Iroquois tribes benefited from Cosby's dereliction, reorganizing their Six Nations confederation as a powerful military threat. [1]
[edit] Lifelong rewards struggle
During Cosby's term in office, he granted "extraordinary salaries", either life-long of for a stated term of years, to government officers or fellow Royalists as rewards for loyal service. His authority to do so was limited by the General Assembly. Those salaries were often cancelled as a result of the festering rivalry that dominated colonial political affairs: Court Party vs. Popular Party
[edit] The Zenger case
The New York Weekly Journal was an opposition newspaper, pro-colonist and anti-Royal, economically supported by the Morrisites. It was founded in 1733 by John Peter Zenger, a recent German immigrant. Its mordant editorials were mainly written by socially notorious people, Morrisites, like James Alexander, who published anonymously.
Its most controversial editorials were about:
- Morris' deposition
- Cosby's attempt of rigging the 1734 elections
- Post-electoral satiric ballads, where Royalist partisans were "petty fogging knaves" and the Popular partisans would "make the scoundrel rascals fly."
- Cosby's stealing collected taxes
- Cosby's appropriation of Indian lands
- Official permission to French ships docking in New York's harbor
In November 1734, Governor Cosby ordered his men to burn up four of its editions--7, 47, 48, 49--down at the pillory. Those allegedly contained seditious material. On November 17, Zenger was arrested for "seditious libel" against Cosby. His arrest did not close the Journal, however; his wife, Anna, continued printing the newspaper.
Working through Chief Justice DeLancey, Governor Cosby disbarred the local defenders of Zenger, urging the jury to punish him. But the Morrisites hired Andrew Hamilton, a celebrated lawyer from Philadelphia, as Zenger's attorney. Hamilton argued that the newspaper couldn't be punished unless what it had printed was falsely seditious. The principle he proclaimed still stands in modern law: Libel only exists when falsehoods are perpetrated; the truth can never be libelous. Zenger was acquitted by the jury in August 18, 1735. James DeLancey declined to reverse that decision. Although the Zenger case did not entirely put an end to prosecutions for seditious libel, it set a precedent for freedom of the press.<Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 206-206</ref>
[edit] Cosby's demise
Cosby died of tuberculosis on March 10, 1736, between 1 and 2 p.m., in the Governor's House at Ft. George, today's Battery Park, New York City.
First, he was buried in a vault at Ft. George 's chapel (1736). But in 1788, his remains were moved to an unmarked grave at St. Paul Church 's cemetery, New York, together with the remains of Richard Coote, NY Royal Governor between 1698 and 1701.
Governor George Clarke succeeded Cosby. First assuming the office of Lieutenant Governor, he was a moderate loyalist of the Court Party, a former representative in the Provincial Council. He frustrated Van Dam's aspirations again, starting another political scandal. Nonetheless, Clarke received Royal confirmation officially.
Governor William Cosby is of no known relation to the modern comedian of the same name.
[edit] Cosby's significance
Eighteenth-century observers believed that Governor William Cosby was motivated by two goals: defending British interests and building his private fortune. [2] Royal governors in British North America were seldom popular, but to some colonists, Cosby became a symbol of just how oppressive a royal governor could be. Cosby's political opponent Lewis Morris characterized Cosby's governorship as a reign of "a God damn ye," underlining Cosby's indifference to the wishes and welfare of those he governed.[7]
Although Cosby's governorship was not a rewarding period for colonial New York, the struggles of the 1730s ultimately helped define the roles of the royal governor, the Assembly, and the courts in provincial politics. They also fostered the development of the colony's first political parties. Historian Michael Kammen characterizes Cosby's era as a period of "political awakening and modernization" in New York politics. Once the structural problems were addressed, politicians could turn their attention to the substantive issues and engage a larger portion of the population in political activity.[8]
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- New York Weekly Journal original page (Encarta)
- University of Houston on Zenger´s trial
- Famous Americans site
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Rip Van Dam |
Colonial Governor of New York 1732 — 1736 |
Succeeded by George Clarke |
[edit] References
- ^ Robert E. Cray, "William Cosby," in American National Biography. http://www.anb.org
- ^ Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp.206-207, 212-213; Robert E. Cray, "William Cosby," American National Biography. http://www.anb.org
- ^ Robert E. Cray, "William Cosby," American National Biography. http://www.anb.org
- ^ Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 203-205
- ^ Eugene R. Sheridan, "Lewis Morris," American National Biography. http://www.anb.org
- ^ Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 209-210
- ^ Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 202.
- ^ Michael Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p.215
