Wilhelm Furtwängler

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Wilhelm Furtwängler
Portrait of Wilhelm Furtwängler by Emil Orlik
Portrait of Wilhelm Furtwängler by Emil Orlik
Background information
Born January 25, 1886
Berlin, Flag of Germany Germany
Died November 30, 1954
Genre(s) Classical
Occupation(s) Conductor

Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25, 1886 – November 30, 1954) was a German conductor and composer.

Contents

[edit] Life and career

Furtwängler was born in Berlin into a prominent family. His father Adolf was an archaeologist, his mother a painter, and his brother Philipp a mathematician. Most of his childhood was spent in Munich, where his father taught at the university. He was given a musical education from an early age, and developed an early love of Beethoven, a composer he remained closely associated with throughout his life.

By the time of Furtwängler's conducting debut at the age of twenty, he had written several pieces of music. However, they were not well received, and that combined with the financial insecurity a career as a composer would provide led him to concentrate on conducting. At his first concert, he led the Kaim Orchestra (now the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra) in Anton Bruckner's Ninth Symphony. He subsequently held posts at Munich, Lübeck, Mannheim, Frankfurt, and Vienna, before securing a job at the Berlin Staatskapelle in 1920, and, in 1922, at the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (where he succeeded Arthur Nikisch) and concurrently at the prestigious Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Later he became music director of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Salzburg Festival and the Bayreuth Festival, which was regarded as the greatest post a conductor could hold in Germany at the time.

Towards the end of the war, under extreme pressure from the Nazi Party, Furtwängler fled to Switzerland. He resumed performing and recording following the war and remained a popular conductor in Europe, although he was always under somewhat of a shadow. He died in 1954 in Ebersteinburg close to Baden-Baden. He is buried in Heidelberg's Bergfriedhof.

Furtwängler is most famous for his performances of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, and Wagner. However, he was also a champion of modern music, and was known to give performances of thoroughly modern works, such as Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra.

[edit] Relationship with the Nazi Party

Furtwängler's relationship with and attitude towards Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was a matter of much controversy. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Furtwängler was highly critical of them. In 1934, he was banned from conducting the premiere of Paul Hindemith's opera Mathis der Maler, and Furtwängler resigned from his post at the Berlin Opera in protest. In 1936, with Furtwängler becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the regime, there were signs that he might follow Erich Kleiber's footsteps into exile, when he was offered the principal conductor's post at the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, where he would succeed Arturo Toscanini. Toscanini's biographer Harvey Sachs wrote that Toscanini recommended Furtwängler for the position, one of the few times Toscanini expressed admiration for a fellow conductor. There is every possibility that Furtwängler would have accepted the post, but a report from the Berlin branch of the Associated Press, possibly ordered by Hermann Göring, said that he was willing to take up his post at the Berlin Opera once more. This caused the mood in New York to turn against him; from their point of view, it seemed that Furtwängler was now a full supporter of the Nazi Party. Although it is now widely accepted that this was not the case (Furtwängler always refused to give the Nazi salute, for instance, and there is even footage[1] of Furtwängler wiping his hand after shaking the hand of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels), it was a view which prevailed until his death.

Furtwängler was by far the most prominent conductor to choose to remain in Nazi Germany. Most other well-known conductors working in Germany and Austria left after the Nazi takeover of those countries, either because they were themselves Jewish, or because they disagreed with Nazi policies. Among the conductors who left were Bruno Walter, Otto Klemperer, Erich Kleiber, Fritz Busch, Fritz Stiedry and Jascha Horenstein (see Category:Musicians who left Nazi Germany).

Furtwängler was treated relatively well by the Nazis; he had a high profile, and was an important cultural figure. His concerts were often broadcast to German troops to raise morale, though he was limited in what he was allowed to perform by the authorities. His attitude towards Jews remains controversial today. On the one hand, he often lauded Jewish artists such as Artur Schnabel, and apparently saved some Jews—members of the Berlin Philharmonic—from concentration camps, but on the other he supported boycotts of Jewish goods and was critical of what he saw as Jewish domination of newspapers.

Albert Speer claimed that in December 1944 Furtwängler asked whether Germany had any chance of winning the war. Speer replied in the negative, and advised the conductor to flee to Switzerland from possible Nazi retribution. [2]. Furtwängler did in fact escape to Switzerland shortly after a concert in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic on 28 January 1945. At that concert he conducted an account of Brahms's Second Symphony that was caught on tape and is considered one of his greatest recordings [3].

At his denazification trial, Furtwängler was charged with supporting Nazism by remaining in Germany, performing at Nazi party functions and with making an anti-Semitic remark against the part-Jewish conductor Victor de Sabata [1]. However, he was eventually cleared on all these counts [2].

As part of his closing remarks at his denazification trial, Furtwängler said,

"I knew Germany was in a terrible crisis; I felt responsible for German music, and it was my task to survive this crisis, as much as I could. The concern that my art was misused for propaganda had to yield to the greater concern that German music be preserved, that music be given to the German people by its own musicians. These people, the compatriots of Bach and Beethoven, of Mozart and Schubert, still had to go on living under the control of a regime obsessed with total war. No one who did not live here himself in those days can possibly judge what it was like.
"Does Thomas Mann [who was critical of Furtwängler’s actions] really believe that in 'the Germany of Himmler' one should not be permitted to play Beethoven? Could he not realize, that people never needed more, never yearned more to hear Beethoven and his message of freedom and human love, than precisely these Germans, who had to live under Himmler’s terror? I do not regret having stayed with them."

(quoted from John Ardoin's The Furtwängler Record)

Violinist Sir Yehudi Menuhin was among the few people in the Jewish music community and the United States to have a positive view of Furtwängler. In 1933 he had refused to play with him, but in the late 1940s after a personal investigation about Furtwängler, he became supportive of him, and performed alongside him.[4][5]

British playwright Ronald Harwood's play Taking Sides (1995), set in 1946 in the American zone of occupied Berlin, is about U.S. accusations against Furtwängler of having served the Nazi regime. In 2001 the play was made into a motion picture starring Harvey Keitel and featuring Stellan Skarsgård in the role of Furtwängler.[3]

[edit] Conducting style

Furtwängler is noted for his Beethoven recordings
Furtwängler is noted for his Beethoven recordings

Furtwängler had a unique conducting technique. Video recordings [4] show him making awkward, gawky movements like a medium in a trance. His gestures bear seemingly little relationship to the rhythms of the music, while his physical motions were described as "like a puppet on a string" by one orchestra member [5]. Despite, or perhaps because of, this unorthodox style, musicians were mesmerized by his leadership. His best performances are characterized by deep, bass-driven sonorities, soaring lyricism and wrenching extremes of emotion co-existing with logical cogency. Neville Cardus wrote in the Manchester Guardian in 1954 of Furtwängler's conducting style as follows:

"He did not regard the printed notes of the score as a final statement, but rather as so many symbols of an imaginative conception, ever changing and always to be felt and realised subjectively...Not since Nikisch, of whom he was a disciple, has a greater personal interpreter of orchestral and opera music than Furtwängler been heard."[6]

Many commentators and critics regard him as the greatest conductor in history.

Furtwängler was famous for his exceptional inarticulacy. His pupil Sergiu Celibidache remembered that the best he could say was "Well, just listen" (to the music). Carl Brinitzer from the German BBC service tried to interview him, and thought he had an imbecile before him. A live recording of a rehearsal with a Stockholm orchestra documents hardly anything intelligible, only hums and mumbling. Still, Furtwängler remained highly respected amongst musicians. Even Arturo Toscanini, usually regarded as Furtwängler's complete antithesis (and sharply critical of Furtwängler on political grounds), once said – when asked to name the world's greatest conductor apart from himself – "Furtwängler!"

[edit] Influences

One of Furtwängler's protegés was pianist Karlrobert Kreiten. He was also an important influence on the pianist/conductor Daniel Barenboim, of whom Furtwängler's widow, Elisabeth Furtwängler, said, "Er furtwänglert." ("He furtwänglers.") Barenboim recently recorded Furtwängler's 2nd Symphony with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Furtwängler's performances of Beethoven, Bruckner and Wagner remain important reference-points today.

[edit] Notable recordings featuring Furtwängler conducting

There is a huge number of Furtwängler recordings currently available, mostly from live concerts. Many of these recordings were made during World War II using experimental tape technology. After the war they were confiscated by the Soviet Union for decades and have only recently become widely available, often on multiple legitimate and illegitimate labels. Despite sonic limitations, the recordings from this era are widely admired for their intensity by Furtwängler devotees.

This is only a small selection of some of Furtwängler's most famed recordings. For more information, see his discography and list of currently available recordings.

  • Beethoven, Fifth Symphony, live performance with the Berlin Philharmonic, June 1943 (Classica d'Oro, Deutsche Grammophon, Enterprise, Music and Arts, Opus Kura, Tahra)
  • Beethoven, Ninth Symphony, live performance at the re-opening of Bayreuther Festspiele with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth Höngen, Hans Hopf and Otto Edelmann. (EMI 1951).
  • Furtwängler, Second Symphony, live performance with the Vienna Philharmonic, February 1953 (Orfeo)

[edit] Media

[edit] Notable compositions

[edit] For orchestra

[edit] Chamber music

  • Piano Quintet in C Major
  • Violin Sonata No. 1 in D Minor
  • Violin Sonata No. 2 in D Major

[edit] For choir


[edit] Notable premieres


[edit] References

  1. ^ A newsreel blowup of this can be seen at the end of the movie version of Ronald Harwood's play "Taking Sides")
  2. ^ Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich, quoted in Norman Lebrecht, The Book of Musical Anecdotes
  3. ^ http://www.bsherman.org/mack.html#Furt
  4. ^ Wilhelm Furtwängler and Music in the Third Reich. Journal of Historical review. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
  5. ^ Wilhelm Furtwängler. James C.S. Liu, M.D. Retrieved on July 6, 2006.
  6. ^ Martin Kettle, "Second coming". The Guardian, 26 November 2004.

[edit] External links

Preceded by
Arthur Nikisch		 Kapellmeister, Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
1922–1928		 Succeeded by
Bruno Walter
Preceded by
Arthur Nikisch		 Music Director, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1922–1945		 Succeeded by
Leo Borchard
Preceded by
Felix Weingartner		 Principal Conductor, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
1927–1930		 Succeeded by
Clemens Krauss
Preceded by
Sergiu Celibidache		 Music Director, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1952–1954		 Succeeded by
Herbert von Karajan
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