Wikipedia:WikiProject Library of Congress Country Studies/Soviet Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Soviet Union has a Study located here. Use the public domain study as part of WikiProject Library of Congress to add information about this country to Wikipedia. The following is a list of sections in the study. Strike the section to certify that all information in the section is either not useful or has been included in Wikipedia. List articles under the section where you have used information from the section.
[edit] Country Study sections
A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Library of Congress Call Number DK17 .S6396 1991
* Soviet Union (Former)
* Foreword
* Acknowledgements
* Preface
* Table A. Chronology of Important Events
* Country Profile
o Country
o Geography
o Society
o Politics and Government
o Economy
o Science and Technology
o Transportation and Communications
o National Security
* Introduction
* Chapter 1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1917 (Zenon E. Kohut and David M. Goldfrank)
o Emergence of the East Slavs
+ The Peoples of the East European Plain
+ The East Slavs and the Varangians
+ The Golden Age of Kiev
+ The Rise of Regional Centers
+ The Mongol Invasion
o Muscovy
+ The Rise of Muscovy
+ The Evolution of Russian Autocracy
+ Ivan IV
+ The Time of Troubles
+ The Romanovs
+ Expansion and Westernization
o Early Imperial Russia
+ Peter the Great and the Formation of the Russian Empire
+ Era of Palace Revolutions
+ Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II
o Ruling the Empire
+ War and Peace, 1796-1825
+ Period of Reaction: Nicholas I, 1825-55
o The Transformation of Imperial Russia
+ Economic Developments
+ Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-92
+ Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War, 1856-93
+ The Age of Realism in Literature
+ The Rise of Revolutionary Populism and Russian Marxism, 1855- 90
+ Serge Witte and Accelerated Industrialization, 1891-1903
+ The Development of Radical Political Parties, 1892-1904
+ Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War, 1894-1905
o The Last Years of Tsardom
+ The Revolution of 1905 and Counterrevolution, 1905-07
+ The Tenuous Regimes of Stolypin and Kokovstev, 1907-14
+ The Return to an Active Balkan Policy, 1906-13
+ Russia at War, 1914-16
+ The Strains of the War Effort and the Weakening of Tsarism
* Chapter 2 - Historical Setting: 1917 to 1982 (Thomas Skallerup)
o Revolutions and Civil War
+ The February Revolution
+ The Period of Dual Power
+ The Bolshevik Revolution
+ Civil War and War Communism
o The Era of New Economic Policy
+ Lenin's Leadership
+ Stalin's Rise to Power
+ Foreign Policy, 1921-28
+ Society and Culture in the 1920s
o Transformation and Terror
+ Industrialization and Collectivization
+ The Period of the Purges
+ Mobilization of Society
+ Foreign Policy, 1928-39
o War Years
+ Prelude to War
+ The Great Patriotic War
o Reconstruction and Cold War
+ Reconstruction Years
+ The Cold War
+ Death of Stalin
o The Khrushchev Era
+ Collective Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev
+ Foreign Policy under Khrushchev
+ Khrushchev's Reforms and Fall
o The Brezhnev Era
+ Collective Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev
+ Foreign Policy of a Superpower
+ The Economy
+ Culture and the Arts
+ Death of Brezhnev
* Chapter 3 - Physical Environment and Population (David E. McClave)
o Physical Environment
+ Global Position and Boundaries
+ Administrative-Political-Territorial Divisions
+ Topography and Drainage Geography of the Soviet Union
+ Climate Geography of the Soviet Union
+ Natural Resources Geography of the Soviet Union
+ Environmental Concerns Geography of the Soviet Union
o Population
+ Vital Statistics
+ Age and Sex Structure
+ Mortality and Fertility
+ Urbanization
+ Migration
+ Distribution and Density
+ Marriage, Divorce, and the Family
+ Population Problems and Policies
* Chapter 4 - Nationalities and Religions (Ihor Y. Gawdiak)
o Nationalities of the Soviet Union
+ Slavic Nationalities
# Russians
# Ukrainians
# Belorussians
# Other Slavs
+ Baltic Nationalities
# Lithuanians
# Latvians
# Estonians
+ Nationalities of the Caucasus
# Armenians
# Georgians
# Azerbaydzhanis
# Other Nationalities of the Caucasus
+ Central Asian Nationalities
# Uzbeks
# Kazakhs
# Kirgiz
# Tadzhiks
# Turkmens
+ Other Major Nationalities
# Moldavians
# Tatars
# Jews
# Chuvash
# Bashkirs
# Mordvins
# Germans
# Others
o Religious Groups in the Soviet Union
+ Orthodox
# Russian Orthodox Church
# Georgian Orthodox Church
# Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
+ Armenian Apostolic
+ Catholic
# Roman Catholic Church
# Ukrainian Catholic Church
+ Protestant
+ Muslim
o Policy Toward Nationalities and Religions in Practice
o Manifestations of National Assertiveness
+ Baltic Nationalities
+ Armenians
+ Ukrainians
+ Central Asian Nationalities
+ Russians
+ Other Nationalities
* Chapter 5 - Social Structure (Kenneth E. Nyirady)
o Formation of Soviet Society
o Stratification of Soviety Society
+ Socio-Occupational Groupings
# The Elite
# White-Collar Workers
# Blue-Collar Workers and Manual Laborers
# Agricultural Workers
+ Other Determinants of Social Position
# Education
# Party Membership
# Nationality
+ Benefits of Social Position
# Monetary Compensation
# Noncash Benefits and Access to Goods and Services
# Occupational Prestige
+ Urban-Rural Cleavage
# Differences in Life-Styles
# Structure of Rural Society
# Decreasing Social Differences
o Social Mobility
o Social Organizations
+ Trade Unions
+ Youth Organizations
+ Sports Organizations
o Gender and Family Roles
+ Role of Women
+ Male-Female Relationships
# Marriage
# Roles in Marriage
# Divorce
# Sex and Contraception
+ The Soviet Family Family in the Soviet Union
# Evolution of the Soviet FamilyFamily in the Soviet Union
# Family SizeFamily in the Soviet Union
# Family and Kinship StructuresFamily in the Soviet Union
# Function of Family Family in the Soviet Union
* Chapter 6 - Education, Health, and Welfare (Irene M. Steckler)
o Education
+ Philosophy and Aims
+ Control and Administration
+ Pedagogy and Planning
+ Institutions of Learning
# Preschool
# Secondary Education
# Special Education
# Higher Education
# Teacher Training
+ Quality, Reform, and Funding
o Health Care
+ Provision of Medical Care
+ Declining Health Care in the 1970s and 1980s
o Welfare
+ Pension System
+ Workers' Compensation
+ Other Assistance
* Chapter 7 - The Communist Party (Stephen R. Burant)
o Lenin's Conception of the Party
+ Theoretical Underpinnings
+ Democratic Centralism
o Party Legitimacy
o Central Party Institutions
+ Party Congress
+ Party Conference
+ Central Committee
+ Central Auditing Commission
+ Party Control Committee
+ Politburo
+ Secretariat
+ Commissions
+ General Secretary: Power and Authority
o Intermediate-Level Party Organizations
+ Republic Party Organization
+ Oblast-Level Organization
+ District- and City-Level Organization
o Primary Party Organization
o Nomenklatura
+ The Party's Appointment Authority
+ Patron-Client Relations
o Party Membership
+ Selection Procedures
+ Training
o Social Composition of the Party
* Chapter 8 - Government Structure and Functions (Barry A. Zulauf, Stephen R. Burant, and James P. Nichol)
o Constitutional Authority of Government
+ Early Soviet Constitutions
# The 1918 Constitution
# The 1924 Constitution
# The 1936 Constitution
+ The 1977 Constitution
# Amendments to the 1977 Constitution
# Amendment Process
# Constitutional Rights
# Role of the Citizen
# State Symbols
o Central Government
+ Administrative Organs
# Council of Ministers
# Chairman of the Council of Ministers
# Council of Ministers Presidium
# Ministerial System
# Party Control of the Ministerial Apparatus
+ Congress of People's Deputies
# Elections to the Congress of People's Deputies
# Deputies and Citizen Involvement
+ Supreme Soviet
# Organs of the Supreme Soviet
# Presidium
# Chairman
# Soviet of the Union and Soviet of Nationalities
# Sessions of the Supreme Soviet
# Commissions and Committees
# Legislative Process
# Party Controls
+ Control Organs
# Court System
# Procuracy
# Committees of People's Control
# Law
o Territorial Administration
+ Republic Level
# Legal Status
# Government
+ Provincial and District Levels
o Elections
* Chapter 9 - Mass Media and the Arts (Joshua Spero)
o Politicization of the Mass Media and the Arts
+ Leninist Principles
+ Socialist Realism
o Administration of the Mass Media and the Arts
+ The Party Role
+ The Government Role
o The Mass Media
+ Newspapers
+ Magazines and Journals
+ Radio
+ Television and Video Cassette Recorders
+ Computers
o The Arts
+ Literature
+ Cinema
+ Theater
+ Music
+ Painting, Sculpture, and the Graphic Arts
* Chapter 10 - Foreign Policy (James P. Nichol)
o Ideology and Objectives Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
o Foreign Policy Making and Execution
+ The Foreign Policy Makers
+ Departments of the Central Committee
+ Higher State and Government Organizations
+ The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet
+ The Council of Ministers and Its Presidium
+ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
o Instruments of Influence
+ Diplomatic Relations
+ Party and State Visits Abroad
+ Friendship and Cooperation Treaties
+ Communist Parties Abroad
o Soviet-United States Relations
o Soviet-West European Relations
+ France
+ West Germany
+ Britain
+ Spain and Portugal
+ Scandinavia
o Soviet-East European Relations
o Sino-Soviet Relations
o Soviet-Japanese Relations
o The Soviet Union and the Third World
+ The Middle East and North Africa
# Turkey
# Iran and Iraq
# Other Middle Eastern States
+ Asia
# Afghanistan
# India
# Southeast Asia
+ Sub-Saharan Africa
# Angola
# Ethiopia
# Mozambique
+ Central and South America
o The Soviet Union and the Nuclear Arms Control
o The Soviet Union and the United Nations
* Chapter 11 - Economic Structure and policy (Becky Gates)
o Economic Structure
+ Nature of the National Economy
+ Labor
+ Retail and Wholesale Distribution System
+ Financial System
o Economic Planning and Control
+ Planning Process
+ Reforming the Planning System
+ Tools of Control
o Economic Policy
+ Past Priorities
+ The Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
* Chapter 12 - Industry (Glenn E. Curtis)
o Development of Soviet Industry
o Industrial Resources
+ Raw Materials
+ Geographic Location Factors
+ The Territorial Production Complexes and Geographic Expansion
+ The Labor Force and Perestroika
o Industrial Organization
+ The Complexes and the Ministries
+ The Industrial Planning System
+ Structural Reform of Industry
+ The Military-Industrial Complex
+ Industrial Research and Design
o Machine Building and Metal Working
+ The Structure and Status of the Machine-Building and Metal- Working Complex
+ The Planning and Investment Process of the Machine-Building and Metal-Working Complex
+ The Location of the Machine-Building Industry
+ The Automotive Industry
+ The Electronics Industry
o Metallurgy
+ Role of Metallurgy
+ Metallurgy Planning and Problems
+ Metallurgical Combine Locations and Major Producers
+ Nonferrous Metals
o Chemicals
+ Plastics
+ Petrochemicals
+ Other Branches of the Chemical Industry
+ Chemical Planning Goals
o Fuels
+ Fuel Resource Base
+ Oil
+ Natural Gas
+ Coal
+ Uranium
o Power Engineering
+ Energy Planning Goals
+ The Balance among Energy Sources
+ Obstacles to Power Supply
+ Heat and Cogeneration
o The Consumer Industry
+ Consumer Supply in the 1980s
+ The Logic and Goals of Consumer Production
+ Textiles and Wood Pulp
* Chapter 13 - Agriculture (Ronald D. Bachman)
o Policy and Administration
+ Stalin's Legacy
+ Evolution of an Integrated Food Policy
o Land Use
o Production
+ Grain
+ Technical Crops
+ Forage Crops
+ Potatoes and Vegetables
+ Other Crops
+ Animal Husbandry
+ Forestry
+ Fishing
+ The Twelfth Five-Year Plan, 1986-90
* Chapter 14 - Transportation and Communications (Boris Hlynsky)
o Railroads
+ Historical Background, 1913-39
+ World War II
+ The Postwar Period, 1946-60
+ Organization and Equipment of the Railroads
+ Passenger Operations
+ The Baykal-Amur Main Line
+ Other New Construction
+ Metropolitan Railways
o Automotive Transport
+ Development of Automotive Transport
+ Freight Transportation by Trucks
+ Passenger Transportation
o Inland Waterways
+ Development of Waterways
+ The Waterway System
+ River Ports and Facilities
+ Passenger Transportation
o Merchant Marine
+ Initial Developments
+ Fleet Operations
o Civil Aviation
+ Postwar Evolution of the Air Fleet
+ Aeroflot Operations
o Pipelines
o Communications
* Chapter 15 - Foreign Trade (Malinda K. Goodrich) Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Development of the State Monopoly on Foreign TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union o Structure of the Foreign Trade BureaucracyForeign trade of the Soviet Union + AdministrationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + OperationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Structural Reforms, 1986 to Mid-1988 Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Socialist CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + The Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceForeign trade of the Soviet Union + YugoslaviaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + ChinaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Cambodia, Laos, and North Korea Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Western Industrialized CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + The United StatesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Western EuropeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + JapanForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Finland Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Trade with Third World CountriesForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Balance of TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Composition of TradeForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Africa, Asia, and Latin AmericaForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Countries of Socialist OrientationForeign trade of the Soviet Union + Trade with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Foreign trade of the Soviet Union o Gorbachev's Economic Reforms Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
* Chapter 16. Science and Technology (Cathleen A. Campbell)
o Early Development
o The Administration of Science and Technology
+ Policy Making
+ Planning
+ Financing
o Science and Ideology
o Research, Development and Production Organizations
o Soviet Innovation: Problems and Solutions
o Technology and Information Transfer
o Military Research and Development
o Training
* Chapter 17 - Military Doctrine and Strategic Concerns (Eugenia V. Osgood)
o Marxist-Leninist Theory of War
+ War as a Continuation of Politics
+ Laws of War
o The Party and Military Doctrine and Policy
+ Evolution of Military Doctrine
+ Military Doctrine in the Late 1980s
+ Doctrine and Weapons Programs
+ Military Policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
o Military Science
+ Laws of Armed Conflict
+ Principles of Military Art
+ Military Art
# Military Strategy
# Nuclear Strategy in the 1950s
# The Sokolovskii Era, l962-68
# New Strategic Options, l968-89
# Operational Art
# Tactics
o Strategic Missions of the Armed Forces
+ Threat Assessments and Force Requirements
+ Offensive and Defensive Strategic Missions
+ Strategic Offense
# Strategic Operation in a Theater of Military Operations
# Strategic Defense
o Global Strategic Concerns
+ Force Projection on the Periphery
+ Military Presence in the Third World
o Arms Control and Military Objectives
+ Strategic Arms Control
# Averting a World War
# Retaining a Capability to Fight and to Win
+ Objectives in Space
# Negotiations
# Soviet Space Weapons Development
+ Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Arms Control
# Threat Reduction
# Denuclearization of Europe
+ Conventional Arms Control
* Chapter 18. Armed Forces and Defense Organization (Karl Wheeler Soper)
o Organizational Development and Combat Experience
o Strategic Leadership of the Armed Forces
+ Defense Council
+ Main Military Council
+ Ministry of Defense
+ General Staff
o The Armed Services
+ Strategic Rocket Forces
+ Ground Forces
# Motorized Rifle Troops and Tank Troops
# Rocket Troops and Artillery
# Air Defense of Ground Forces
# Chemical Troops, Engineer Troops, and Signal Troops
+ Air Forces
# Strategic Air Armies
# Frontal Aviation
# Military Transport Aviation
+ Air Defense Forces
# Antiaircraft Rocket Troops and Air Defense Aviation
# Missile and Space Defenses
+ Naval Forces
# Submarine Forces
# Surface Forces
# Naval Aviation
# Naval Infantry
# Coastal Defense Forces
+ Airborne Troops and Special-Purpose Forces
+ Rear Services
+ Civil Defense
+ Specialized and Paramilitary Forces
# Internal Troops
# Border Troops
o Territorial Organization of the Armed Forces
+ Military Districts
+ Fleets, Flotillas, and Squadrons
+ Groups of Forces Stationed Abroad
o The Party and the Armed Forces
+ Political-Military Relations
+ Military Representation in the Party
+ Party Control in the Armed Forces
o Military Economics
+ Defense Spending
+ Military Industries and Production
+ Military Technology
o Uniforms and Rank Insignia
o Military Manpower
+ Premilitary Training
+ Conscripts
# Life in the Soviet Armed Forces
# Noncommissioned Officers
# National Minorities in the Armed Forces
# Women in the Armed Forces
+ Officers
+ Reserves and Wartime Mobilization
* Chapter 19 - Internal Security (Amy W. Knight)
o Predecessors of the Committee for State Security and the Ministry Internal Affairs
+ The Tsarist Period
+ Soviet Predecessor Organizations, 1917-54
o The Security Apparatus and Kremlin Politics
+ Khrushchev Period
+ After Khrushchev
+ Gorbachev Era
o Organization of the Committee for State Security
+ Structure
+ Functions and Internal Organization
+ Party Control
+ Personnel
o Domestic Security and the Committee for State Security
+ Legal Prerogatives
+ Policy
+ Special Departments in the Armed Forces
o The Foreign Intelligence Role of the Committee for State Security
+ Organization
+ Intelligence and Counterintelligence
+ Active Measures
+ Influence on Foreign Policy
o The Ministry of Internal Affairs
+ Functions and Organization
+ Leadership
+ Control by the Party
o The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Judicial Organs, and Non-Political Crime
+ Socialist Legality
+ The Procuracy
+ Military Justice
+ The Judiciary and the Legal Profession
+ Legal Codes and Abuses of the System
+ Nonpolitical Crime and Punishment
o Internal Security Troops
+ Border Troops of the Committee for State Security
+ Security Troops of the Committee for State Security
+ Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
* Appendices
o Appendix B. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Malinda K. Goodrich) Comecon
o Appendix C. The Warsaw Pact (Karl Wheeler Soper)
* Bibliography
* Glossary
