Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements

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This WikiProject is aimed at the maintenance of the chemical elements articles at an agreed upon format discussed in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Elements.

1 Article structure guidelines
- 1.1 Notes on reference links
2 Reference data pages
- 2.1 Previous data sources
3 Elementbox infobox templates
4 Color standard
5 Locator map image
6 Talk page template
7 Element cell templates
8 Pages needing attention
- 8.1 Chemistry

[edit] Article structure guidelines

With a few suggestions for unified phrasings. (Note that the coding of headings is different only for this illustration, the usual article editing guidelines apply.) (_ElementDescription_ is something like: "silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements.")

__ is a _ElementDescription_. Its symbol is __ and its atomic number is __.

Or alternatively for short-lived synthetic elements:

__ is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol __ and atomic number __.

== Characteristics ==

== Applications ==

Shorter descriptions that do not justify having paragraphs on their own are put together in a bulleted list.

== History ==

== Biological role ==

Depending on the element, this section may be placed here, after Occurrence, Production, Compounds, or not anywhere for elements that have no biological role.

== Occurrence ==

Information about the price is usually placed at the bottom of this section or the Production section. Specify as of when is the information. Where applicable, state purity or type. Indicate trends and provide a link to a live source where possible. Information about many commodities is available at [1] for example.

== Production ==

Optional, if there's more to tell than a general where and how in the Occurrence section.

== Compounds ==

See category:sodium compounds for a list of compounds.

Add category links (from category:chemical compounds by element) like this where applicable.

== Isotopes ==

Naturally occurring _ is composed of _ stable isotopes, _-_, _-_, and _-_, with _-_ being the most abundant (_% natural abundance). _ radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most {abundant and/or stable} being _-_ with a half-life of _, _-_ with a half-life of _, and _-_ with a half-life of _. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than _, and the majority of these have half lives that are less than _. This element also has _ meta states, with the most stable being _m-_ (t_½ _), _m-_ (t_½ _) and _m-_ (t_½ _).

The isotopes of _ range in atomic mass from _ u (_-_) to _ u (_-_). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, _-_, is [[{name of decay mode}]], and the primary mode after is [[{name of decay mode}]]. The primary decay products before _-_ are element _ ([[ {element name} ]]) isotopes, and the primary products after are element _ ([[ {element name} ]]) isotopes.

== Precautions ==

== References ==

May include, not all links applicable everywhere:

http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/{atomic_number}.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - _
http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele{three-digit_element_number}.html It's Elemental - _
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/{element_name,lowercase}/ USGS _ Statistics and Information
http://dict.org (input the name of the element)
http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/{element_symbol,lowercase}_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - _

== External links ==

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/{element_symbol}/index.html WebElements.com - _ (also used as a reference)

[edit] Notes on reference links

http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/{atomic_number}.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - _ Even though this text was paid for by CA State and US Federal tax dollars, it may be covered by a semi-proprietary license held by the UC Regents and therefore needs to be rewritten so that it passes the Google test (specifically they don't allow for commercial redistribution without permission which is not compatible with our license). The UC Regents claims copyright on most texts at LANL and the 3 emails I sent to them requesting the status of the perio text were never answered. In addition, the LANL periodic table hasn't been touched since 1997 but it has won several awards. --mav
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/{element_name,lowercase}/ USGS _ Statistics and Information This is public domain material and can be copied verbatim but it isn't available for every element. The text may also be under a different name. They sometimes combine entries, such as iron and steel. If nothing comes up, then look for the element at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ .
http://dict.org (input the name of the element) These databases are covered by more or less public domain licenses. The main thing that is asked for is some attribution (which isn't mandatory but would be nice to have on talk pages). This material is useful when creating the definition/introduction paragraphs.
http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/{element_symbol,lowercase}_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - _ This is public domain isotope info and can be copied verbatim but it is very technical and usually only the first paragraph or two are useable at all (the focus of the USGS period table is hydrology and we needn't fill our period table with material that is that specialized). Not all elements are included in this source. Several months ago I ported over all the elements that they then had. Since then, however, they seem to have either added more elements to their database or I somehow missed some. --mav

[edit] Reference data pages

Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. Any changes to the infobox data should be checked against these pages, and/or the available references should be expanded accordingly, so that the decision for or against certain values remains transparent and easily retraceable.

list of elements by atomic mass — atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name
electron configurations of the elements (data page) — electron configuration, electrons per shell
densities of the elements (data page) — density (solid, liquid, gas)
melting points of the elements (data page) — melting point
boiling points of the elements (data page) — boiling point
critical points of the elements (data page) — critical point
heats of fusion of the elements (data page) — heat of fusion
heats of vaporization of the elements (data page) — heat of vaporization
heat capacities of the elements (data page) — heat capacity
vapor pressures of the elements (data page) — vapor pressure
electronegativities of the elements (data page) — electronegativity (Pauling scale)
ionization energies of the elements (data page) — ionization energies
atomic radii of the elements (data page) — atomic radius (empirical), atomic radius (calculated), van der Waals radius, covalent radius
electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) — electrical resistivity
thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) — thermal conductivity
thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page) — thermal expansion
speeds of sound of the elements (data page) — speed of sound
elastic properties of the elements (data page) — Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus
hardnesses of the elements (data page) — Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness
abundances of the elements (data page) — Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and solar system

[edit] Previous data sources

The earlier guide for acquiring the data included these sources:

http://www.WebElements.com/ for series, period, block, density, appearance, atomic weight, atomic/covalent/van der Waals radii, electron configuration, electrons per energy level, state of matter at STP, melting and boiling point at SP, molar volume, velocity of sound, ionization potentials.
http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/ for hardness (Mohs), oxidation states, crystal structure, heats of vaporization/fusion, vapor pressure, electronegativity, specific heat capacity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, nuclides.

The recommendation regarding which nuclides should be included in the infobox table has been: "Choose all the stable forms and only the most stable isotopes. Please don't include any isotopes with half-lifes less than a week."

http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/periodic.html for "oxide is (...)", heats of vaporization/fusion (alternate source).
http://www.allmeasures.com/Formulae/static/materials/ for velocity of sound (alternate source), specific heat capacity (alternate source).

[edit] Elementbox infobox templates

platinum ← gold → mercury

Ag
↑
Au
↓
Rg

Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table

General

gold, Au, 79

11, 6, d

metallic yellow

196.96655(2) g·mol⁻¹

Electron configuration

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1

Physical properties

Phase

solid

Density (near r.t.)

19.3 g·cm⁻³

Liquid density at m.p.

17.31 g·cm⁻³

Melting point

1337.33 K
(1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F)

Boiling point

3129 K
(2856 °C, 5173 °F)

Heat of fusion

12.55 kJ·mol⁻¹

Heat of vaporization

324 kJ·mol⁻¹

Heat capacity

(25 °C) 25.418 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹

Vapor pressure
P(Pa)	1	10	100	1 k	10 k	100 k
at T(K)	1646	1814	2021	2281	2620	3078

Atomic properties

Crystal structure

cubic face centered

Oxidation states

3, 1
(amphoteric oxide)

Electronegativity

2.54 (Pauling scale)

Ionization energies

1st: 890.1 kJ/mol

2nd: 1980 kJ/mol

Atomic radius

135 pm

Atomic radius (calc.)

174 pm

Covalent radius

144 pm

Van der Waals radius

166 pm

Miscellaneous

Magnetic ordering

diamagnetic

Electrical resistivity

(20 °C) 22.14 n Ω·m

Thermal conductivity

(300 K) 318 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹

Thermal expansion

(25 °C) 14.2 µm·m⁻¹·K⁻¹

Speed of sound (thin rod)

(r.t.) (hard-drawn)
2030 m·s⁻¹

78 GPa

27 GPa

220 GPa

0.44

2.5

216 MPa

2450 MPa

7440-57-5

Selected isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of wikiproject elements
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
¹⁹⁵Au	syn	186.10 d	ε	0.227	¹⁹⁵Pt
¹⁹⁶Au	syn	6.183 d	ε	1.506	¹⁹⁶Pt
¹⁹⁶Au	syn	6.183 d	β^-	0.686	¹⁹⁶Hg
¹⁹⁷Au	100%	Au is stable with 118 neutrons
¹⁹⁸Au	syn	2.69517 d	β^-	1.372	¹⁹⁸Hg
¹⁹⁹Au	syn	3.169 d	β^-	0.453	¹⁹⁹Hg

References

The infobox consists of a set of templates that generate the appropriate table rows. A prototype box is shown to the right of the template list:

{{Elementbox_header}} — opens the table; generates TableImage link and navigational stuff; first heading "General"; name, symbol, number

{{Elementbox_series}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_groupperiodblock}} — three parameters; generates links group_X_element, period_X_element, and X_block
{{Elementbox_periodblock}} — same as above without group for the f-block elements
{{Elementbox_appearance}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_appearance_img}} — includes standard link image (omit space after image name)
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm}} — includes unit gram per mole
{{Elementbox_econfig}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_epershell}} — simple key/content

{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop}} — heading with color parameters
{{Elementbox_phase}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt}} — includes unit gram per cubic centimetre; condition near room temperature
{{Elementbox_density_gplstp}} — for gases, includes unit gram per litre; condition standard temperature and pressure
{{Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp}} — includes unit gram per cubic centimetre; condition liquid at melting point
{{Elementbox_meltingpoint}} — three parameters; includes units kelvin, degree Celsius, degree Fahrenheit
{{Elementbox_boilingpoint}} — three parameters; includes units kelvin, degree Celsius, degree Fahrenheit
{{Elementbox_criticalpoint}} — two parameters, temperature and pressure; includes units kelvin, megapascal
{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol}} — includes unit kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol}} — includes unit kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25}} — includes unit joule per mole kelvin; condition at 25 °C
{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa}} — embedded sub-table; six parameters plus a comment

{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop}} — heading with color parameters
{{Elementbox_crystalstruct}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_oxistates}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling}} — includes pauling scale
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1}} — one row and parameter; includes unit kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies2}} — two rows and parameters; includes units kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies3}} — three rows and parameters; includes units kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies4}} — three rows and parameters plus a more link; includes unit kilojoule per mole
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm}} — includes unit picometre
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm}} — includes unit picometre; condition "calculated"
{{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm}} — includes unit picometre
{{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm}} — includes unit picometre

{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous}} — heading with color parameters
{{Elementbox_magnetic}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm}} — includes unit ohm metre (omit space to include prefix)
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat0}} — includes unit ohm metre (omit space to include prefix); condition at 0 °C
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20}} — includes unit ohm metre (omit space to include prefix); condition at 20 °C
{{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k}} — includes unit watt per metre kelvin; condition at 300 K
{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmk}} — includes unit micrometre per metre kelvin
{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25}} — includes unit micrometre per metre kelvin; condition at 25 °C
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps}} — includes unit metre per second
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20}} — includes unit metre per second; condition in thin rod at 20 °C
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt}} — includes unit metre per second; condition in thin rod at room temp
{{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa}} — includes unit gigapascal
{{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa}} — includes unit gigapascal
{{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa}} — includes unit gigapascal
{{Elementbox_poissonratio}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_mohshardness}} — simple key/content
{{Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa}} — includes unit megapascal
{{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa}} — includes unit megapascal
{{Elementbox_cas_number}} — simple key/content

{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin}} — opens isotopes sub-table; includes heading
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay}} — decaying entry row for isotopes with a single decay method
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2}} — decaying entry row for isotopes with two decay methods
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay3}} — decaying entry row for isotopes with three decay methods
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay4}} — decaying entry row for isotopes with four decay methods
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable}} — stable entry row; X is stable with Y neutrons
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} — closes isotope table

{{Elementbox_footer}} — bottom line; closes the table

[edit] Color standard

Table headings all have fill colors that match the fill colors used for that element's chemical series in the periodic table. Their text color is black for elements that are solid at ambient conditions, green for liquids, and red for gases. Color scheme and rationale for the table:

chemical series	color code	description
alkali metals	#ff6666	Very reactive and therefore dangerous = red.
alkaline earth metals	#ffdead	Nice earthy color = easy to remember.
lanthanides	#ffbfff	The current color was chosen arbitrarily.
actinides	#ff99cc	The current color was chosen arbitrarily.
transition metals	#ffc0c0	Another shade of gray (or even silver) would work here. But that would make the table a bit drab and the colors of the metals and transitions metals too similar.
poor metals	#cccccc	True metals are closest in color to gray.
metalloids	#cccc99	Intermediate color between above and below.
nonmetals	#a0ffa0	Elements most essential to life. Most life on Earth (measured by biomass) is photosynthetic and chlorophyll is green.
halogens	#ffff99	Fluorine gas is yellowish as are many precipitates of halogens.
noble gases	#c0ffff	Non-reactive for practical purposes. Cyan is soft and soothing (it is also the opposite of red).

Templates of the form {{Element color/Alkali metals}} are also available to include these color codes.

[edit] Locator map image

The periodic table locator map images at the top of most infobox tables were 250 pixel wide images (naming scheme "symbol-TableImage.png") created from 890 pixel wide images (named "symbol-TableImage-BIG.png", not all available). Later some but not all "symbol-TableImage.png"s were adapted to use the big version directly and let the Wiki software downscale automatically. A set of these images was uploaded to commons:periodic table.

The master image template is media:Perio Table.png. Source images for each period are at media:-TableImage-BIG-Period1.png to media:-TableImage-BIG-Period8.png.

The font type for the lettering is Helvetica (urw), medium, with unscaled font sizes for the element symbol of 56 and the nucleons of 38, respectively.
The element highlight box should be black, 2 pixels wide and within the element's box.
The images for the different crystal structures are at crystal structure and are already the right size for the large image.
Images of the different shell structures and blocks are already on each of the different period templates.
No part of the images is in English so they may be usable for many languages.
You may also notice a single black dot as a guide near where the element's symbol is supposed to go.

[edit] Talk page template

This isn't that important, but it is nice to have. Note: not all the listed sources are usable for each element. Leave out the ones that do not apply.

Article changed over to new [[WikiProject Elements]] format by {insert users who significantly contributed here}
=== Information Sources ===
Some of the text in this entry was rewritten from [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/{element #}.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - _]. Additional text was taken directly from [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/{element name, lowercase)/ USGS _ Statistics and Information], [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/{element symbol, lowercase}_iig.html USGS Periodic Table - _], from the Elements database 20001107 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]) and WordNet (r) 1.7 (via [http://www.dict.org dict.org]). Data for the table were obtained from the sources listed on the subject page and [[WikiProject Elements]] but were reformatted and converted into [[SI]] units.
------
=== Talk ===
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[edit] Element cell templates

cell

80
Hg

cell-1

mercury
80
Hg

cell-2

mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)

cell-2b

mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)

cell-3

mercury
80
Hg
200.59(2)

To simplify the rendering of various periodic tables, or parts of the periodic table, several templates are available. They take the same arguments but render the data differently. See examples to the right. All the templates allow an article name (parameter 8) different from the element name (parameter 2); this defaults to element name.

The templates are: {{element cell}}, {{element cell-1}}, {{element cell-2}}, {{element cell-2b}}, and {{element cell-3}} For some examples of use, see the periodic table (standard), periodic table (big), periodic table (detailed), periodic table (large version), and user:eddideigel/Periodic test. For further details and instructions for use, see Template talk:Element cell.

Other templates are possible, displaying the data as one wishes. The neat things are the reader-friendly coding of the table cells, and the ability to copy an entire table code to another article and leave the data intact, just change the name of the template, and voila – there's another periodic table.

The syntax of the templates is:

{{element cell|atomic number|element name|chemical symbol|atomic mass|Physical state|Chemical series|Occurrence|article name}}
e.g.
{{element cell|80|mercury|Hg|200.59(2)|Liquid|Transition metals|Primordial|mercury (element)}}

where 'cell' is exchanged with 'cell-1', 'cell-2', etc. as appropriate. The definitions of occurrence is given in the periodic table.