Western Tanager

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Western Tanager

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Piranga
Species: P. ludoviciana
Binomial name
Piranga ludoviciana
(Wilson, 1811)

The Western Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana, is a medium-sized songbird of the Tanager family, Thraupidae.

Adults have pale stout pointed bills, yellow underparts and light wing bars. Adult males have a bright red face and a yellow nape, shoulder, and rump, with black upper back, wings, and tail; in non-breeding plumage the head has no more than a reddish cast and the body has an olive tinge. Females have a yellow head and are olive on the back, with dark wings and tail.

The song of disconnected short phrases suggests an American Robin's but is hoarser and rather monotonous. The call is described as "pit-er-ick".

Their breeding habitat is coniferous or mixed woods across western North America from the U.S.-Mexican border as far north as southern Alaska; thus they are the northernmost-breeding tanager. They build a flimsy cup nest on a horizontal tree branch, usually in a conifer. They lay four bluish-green eggs with brown spots.

These birds migrate, wintering from central Mexico to Costa Rica. Some also winter in southern California.

These birds are often out of sight, foraging high in trees, sometimes flying out to catch insects in flight. They mainly eat insects, fruits and berries. At times they offer spectacular views, and in much of their range, when a non-birder tells a birder, "I saw the most amazing bird!" the birder can guess it was a male of this species.

Contents

[edit] References

[edit] External link

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[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

  • Hudon, J. 1999. Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). In The Birds of North America, No. 432 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

  • Curson DR. Ph.D. (2003). Host community dynamics and reproductive biology of a generalist avian brood parasite, the brown-headed cowbird. The University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Goguen CB. Ph.D. (1999). Brown-headed cowbird movements, habitat use, and impacts on hosts in a grazed and ungrazed landscape. The University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States -- Wisconsin.
  • Hejl SJ. Ph.D. (1987). BIRD ASSEMBLAGES IN TRUE FIR FORESTS OF THE WESTERN SIERRA NEVADA (CALIFORNIA). Northern Arizona University, United States -- Arizona.
  • Hudon J. Ph.D. (1989). Keto-carotenoid usage and evolutionary dynamics in birds. The University of Connecticut, United States -- Connecticut.

[edit] Articles

  • Airola DA & Barrett RH. (1985). Foraging and Habitat Relationships of Insect-Gleaning Birds in a Sierra-Nevada USA Mixed-Conifer Forest. Condor. vol 87, no 2. p. 205-216.
  • Bramel GC. (1969). Another Iowa Western Tanager. Iowa Bird Life. vol 39, no 3. p. 64-65.
  • Brown WH. (1971). Western Tanager in Des-Moines. Iowa Bird Life. vol 41, no 4.
  • Butler LK, Donahue MG & Rohwer S. (2002). Molt-migration in Western Tanagers (Piranga ludoviciana): Age effects, aerodynamics, and conservation implications. Auk. vol 119, no 4. p. 1010-1023.
  • Carr MM. (1971). Western Tanager in Marshall County. Loon. vol 43, no 4.
  • Chace JE. (2005). Host use by sympatric cowbirds in southeastern Arizona. Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 4. p. 375-381.
  • Crocker EG. (1969). Iowas USA 1st Western Tanager. Iowa Bird Life. vol 39, no 2. p. 44-45.
  • Davis TH. (1972). How Often Does the Western Tanager Occur in the East. American Birds. vol 26, no 4. p. 713-714.
  • Dennis CJ. (1969). Western Tanager in Grant County. Passenger Pigeon. vol 31, no 3.
  • Deweese LR, Henny CJ, Floyd RL, Bobal KA & Shultz AW. (1979). Response of Breeding Birds to Aerial Sprays of Trichlorfon Dylox and Carbaryl Sevin-4-Oil in Montana USA Forests. U S Fish & Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Wildlife. vol 224, p. 1-29.
  • Erickson WR. (2004). Bird communities of the garry oak habitat in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 118, no 3. p. 376-385.
  • Fischer KN, Prather JW & Cruz A. (2002). Nest site characteristics and reproductive success of the Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) on the Colorado Front Range. Western North American Naturalist. vol 62, no 4. p. 479-483.
  • Goguen CB & Mathews NE. (1998). Songbird community composition and nesting success in grazed and ungrazed pinyon-juniper woodlands. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 62, no 2. p. 474-484.
  • Hames RS, Rosenberg KV, Lowe JD, Barker SE & Dhondt AA. (2002). Effects of forest fragmentation on Tanager and thrush species in eastern and western North America. Studies in Avian Biology. vol 25, p. 81-91.
  • Hayes JP, Weikel JM & Huso MMP. (2003). Response of birds to thinning young Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications. vol 13, no 5. p. 1222-1232.
  • Hudon J. (1991). Unusual Carotenoid Use by the Western Tanager Piranga-Ludoviciana and Its Evolutionary Implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 69, no 9. p. 2311-2320.
  • Hudon J. (1999). Western Tanager: Piranga ludoviciana. Birds of North America. vol 0, no 432. p. 1-28.
  • Hudson C. (1969). Western Tanager in Dyer County. Migrant. vol 40, no 3. p. 65-66.
  • Johnson NK. (1995). 7 AVIFAUNAL CENSUSES SPANNING ONE-HALF CENTURY ON AN ISLAND OF WHITE FIRS (ABIES-CONCOLOR) IN THE MOJAVE DESERT. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 40, no 1. p. 76-85.
  • Johnson NK. (1995). Seven avifaunal censuses spanning one-half century on an island of white firs (Abies concolor) in the Mojave desert. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 40, no 1. p. 76-85.
  • Johnson NK, Marten JA & Ralph CJ. (1989). Genetic Evidence for the Origin and Relationships of Hawaiian Honeycreepers Aves Fringillidae. Condor. vol 91, no 2. p. 379-396.
  • Mills TR, Rumble MA & Flake LD. (2000). Habitat of birds in ponderosa pine and aspen/birch forest in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 71, no 2. p. 187-206.
  • Patterson TK. (1991). Western tanager at Dublin, Laurens County. Oriole. vol 56, no 1.
  • Rees NE. (1982). Enemies of Rhinocyllus-Conicus in Southwestern Montana USA. Environmental Entomology. vol 11, no 1. p. 157-158.
  • Samuel MD, Pierce DJ & Garton EO. (1985). Identifying Areas of Concentrated Use within the Home Range. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 54, no 3. p. 711-720.
  • Tiedemann AR & Woodard PM. (2002). Multiresource effects of a stand-replacement prescribed fire in the Pinus contorta-Abies lasiocarpa vegetation zone of Central Washington. U S Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW GTR. vol 535, p. 1-26.
  • Waters A & Reeves G. (2003). Three western tanager sightings for Georgia. Oriole. vol 68, no 1-2. p. MAR-JUN03.
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