West Iberian languages

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Languages of the Iberian peninsula (simplified)

West Iberian is a branch of the Romance languages which includes Spanish (with the Extremaduran dialect), Ladino, the Astur-Leonese group (Asturian, Leonese and Mirandese), and the modern descendants of Galician-Portuguese (Galician, Portuguese, and the Fala language). According to historical linguistic analysis, these languages are significantly closer to each other in historical terms than to any other living language — including Catalan, the other major Romance language of the Iberian Peninsula.

Speakers of West Iberian languages generally claim that they are all mutually intelligible to some extent. It is certainly true that a speaker of any of them can learn to read any other just by practicing, without formal study of the grammar. Bilingualism is quite common along the internal language boundaries of this group.

Until a few centuries ago, they formed a dialect continuum covering the western, central and southern parts of the Iberian Peninsula — excepting the Basque and Catalan speaking regions. This is still the situation in a few regions, particularly in the northern part of the Peninsula, but due to the differing sociopolitical histories of these languages (independence of Portugal since the early 12th century, though briefly interrupted in the 16th and the 17th centuries; unification of Spain in the 15th century under the Catholic Kings, who privileged Spanish over the other Iberian languages), Spanish and Portuguese have tended to overtake and to a large extent absorb their sister languages, while they kept diverging from each other.

There is controversy over whether the members of the modern Galician-Portuguese and Astur-Leonese subgroups are languages or dialects. A common classification is to state that Portuguese and Galician are separate languages. Asturian, Leonese and Mirandese are also separate language of a common Astur-Leonese language group.