Wallada bint al-Mustakfi
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Wallada bint al-Mustakfi (born in Cordova in 994 - died March 26 , 1091), was an Al-Andalusian poet of Arabic language.
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[edit] Early Life
She was the daughter of Muhammad III of Córdoba, one of the last Umayyad Cordoban caliphs, who came to power in 1024 after assassinating the previous caliph Abderraman V, and who was assassinated himself two years later in Uclés. Her early childhood during the high period of the Caliphate of Córdoba, under the rule of Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir. Her adolescent years came during the tumultuous period following the eventual succession of Aamir's son Sanchuelo, who in his attempts to seize power from Hisham II, plunged the caliphate into civil war. As the Muhammad III had no male heir, Wallada inherited his properties, and used them to open a palace and literary hall in Córdoba. There she offered instruction in poetry and the arts of love to women of all classes, from those of noble birth to slaves purchased by Wallada herself. Some of the great poets and intellectuals of the time also visited.
[edit] Poet and Controversial Figure
Wallada was an ideal beauty of the time: blond, fair-skinned and blue-eyed, in addition to being intelligent, cultured and proud. She was also somewhat controversial, walking out in public without hijab and in fashion of the harems of Baghdad, she wore transparent tunics and embroidered her verses in the trim of her clothing. Her behavior was regarded by the local mullahs as perverse and was criticized very harshly, but she also had numerous people who defended her honor, like Ibn Hazm, the famous author of The Ring of the Dove. A Cordovan custom of the time was for poets to compete in finishing incomplete poems. Wallada gained recognition for her skill, particularly for being a woman in what was almost entirely a male competition.
[edit] Relationship with Ibn Zaydún
It was during one of these poetry competitions that she met the great love of her life - the poet Ibn Zaydún. Zaydun was also a poet and a nobleman with great political influence who had been making measured political strides towards Cordova. Because of this and Zaydun's ties with the Banu Yahwar - rivals of her own Umayyad clan - their relationship was controversial and had to remain a secret.
Eight of the nine poems preserved from Wallada were written about their relationship, which apparently ended under contentious circumstances. Written as letters between the two lovers, the poems express jealousy, nostalgia, but also a desire to reunite. Another expresses deception, sorrow and reproach. Five are sharp satires directed against Zaydún, whom she criticized for, amongst other things, having male lovers. In one writing, it was implied that the relationship ended because of an affair between Ibn Zaydún and a "black lover". The verse was as follows:
- You know that I am the moon of the skies
- But, to my disgrace, you have preferred a dark planet.
Some say that the lover was a slave girl purchased and educated as a poet by Wallada, while others speculate that it could have been a male. A third possibility is that the poem was written in response to the times, as infidelity with black lovers was a common theme in Islamic poetry.[1] The last of the nine poems alludes to Wallada's liberty and independence.
[edit] Relationship with Ibn Abdús
After her split with Zaydun, Wallada entered a relationship with the vizier Ibn Abdús, who was one of Zaydun's major political rivals. Abdús, who was completely enamored with Wallada, would end up seizing Zaydun's properties and having him imprisoned. Soon afterwards Wallada moved into the vizier's palace, and although she never married him, he remained by her side and protected her until his death, well into his 80s.
[edit] Death
Wallada died on March 26, 1091, the same day that the Almoravids entered Cordova.
[edit] Legacy
Among Wallada's most outstanding students was Muhya bint al-Tayyani, a the young daughter of a figs salesman, whom Wallada welcomed into her house. After Wallada's death, Muhya would go on to write a number of cruel satires about her.
[edit] References
- ^ Wallada: A Fateful Woman of the 11th Century (Spanish) Segunda Republica[1] January 24, 1999. Retrieved 2007, 04-07.
[edit] Other Sources
- Dozy, R. P. Historia de los musulmanes en España . Madrid, Turner, 1988.
- Garulo, T. Diwan de las poetisas andaluzas de Al-Andalus. Madrid, Ediciones Hiperión, 1985.
- López de la Plaza, G. Al-Andalus: Mujeres, sociedad y religió. Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 1992.
- Sobh, M. Poetisas arábigo-andaluzas. Granada, Diputación Provincial, 1994.
[edit] External links
- Andalucia.com article
- A Biography of Wallada (Spanish)
- Another Biography (Spanish)
