Waiting for Godot

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Waiting for Godot (French: En attendant Godot), subtitled A Tragicomedy in Two Acts, is an absurdist play by Samuel Beckett, written in the late 1940s and first published in 1952. Beckett originally wrote the play in French, his second language, and translated it into English in 1954.

Waiting for Godot originally received widely varied reactions from critics, and was seen as deliberately obscure, with Beckett himself resolutely refusing to aid interpretation by saying, "It means what it says."^[1] Nonetheless, the play itself substantially redefined the notion of what a play had to be in order to have theatrical significance, and many renowned playwrights — notably Tom Stoppard, Harold Pinter, Edward Albee and Sam Shepard — were influenced by it. Several derived works have also been written.

Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Stage history 3 Interpretations and commentaries 3.1 The end of philosophy? 4 Related works 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Synopsis

The play is in two acts. The plot concerns Vladimir (also called Didi) and Estragon (also called Gogo), who arrive at a pre-specified roadside location in order to await the arrival of someone named Godot. Vladimir and Estragon, who appear to be tramps, pass the time in conversation, and sometimes in conflict. Estragon complains of his ill-fitting boots, and Vladimir struts about stiff-legged due to a painful bladder condition. Though they make vague allusions to the nature of their circumstances and to their reasons for meeting Godot, the audience never learns who Godot is or why he is important. They are soon interrupted by the arrival of Pozzo, a cruel but lyrically gifted man who claims to own the land they stand on, and his servant Lucky, whom he appears to control by means of a lengthy rope. Pozzo sits down to feast on chicken, and afterwards throws the bones to Estragon. He entertains them by directing Lucky to perform a lively dance, and then deliver an ex tempore lecture, loosely based around the theories of the Irish philosopher Bishop Berkeley. After Pozzo and Lucky depart, a boy arrives with a message supposedly from Godot, which states that Godot will not come today, "but surely to-morrow."^[2] The boy also confesses that Godot beats his brother and that he and his brother sleep in the loft of a barn.

The second act follows a similar pattern to the first, but when Pozzo and Lucky arrive, Pozzo has inexplicably gone blind and Lucky has gone dumb. Again the boy arrives in order to announce that Godot will not appear. The much-quoted ending of the play goes as follows:

Vladimir: Well? Shall we go?

Estragon: Yes, let's go.

They do not move.^[3]

[edit] Stage history

The play was first performed in French at the Théâtre de Babylone, Paris in 1953, directed by French actor and comedian Roger Blin (who also performed the role of Pozzo). The English-language premiere was in August 1955 at the Arts Theatre, London, directed by 24-year-old Peter Hall [1]. It transferred to the Criterion Theatre, in the London West End. At the time, theatre was strictly censored in England, to Beckett's amazement since he thought it a bastion of free speech. The Lord Chamberlain insisted that the word "erection" be removed. Indeed, there were attempts to ban the play completely. For example, Lady Dorothy Howitt wrote to the Lord Chamberlain, saying: "One of the many themes running through the play is the desire of two old tramps continually to relieve themselves. Such a dramatisation of lavatory necessities is offensive and against all sense of British decency." The U.S. debut in 1956 was at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami, Florida (that theater's first production in the year it first opened its doors), starring Bert Lahr (the Cowardly Lion from The Wizard of Oz), Tom Ewell, and Jack Smart (aka J. Scott Smart of radio fame). Given Lahr's reputation as a broad comic actor, a raucous comedy was expected. According to the Playhouse's website, the audience reaction was sharply negative, and it closed quickly. In November 1957 the play was resurrected by The Actor's Workshop under the direction of Herbert Blau at maximum security San Quentin State Prison in California. The 1400 inmates who viewed it, deeply affected by the "waiting" themes, loved it, wrote articles about it in the prison newspaper and started a prison drama society, often considered the world's first.[2] The play was fittingly performed at Portora Royal School (Beckett's old school) in November 2006 to mark the centenary of his birth. The Play starred some of Portora's Budding Actors, Matthew McFrederick and Matthew Fox, Directed by Mrs. Caroline Peel, Head of Performing Arts At the school, The production involved the whole school, with scenery done by the art department and Lighting by a junior James Byrne.

Skilled comedians, like Robin Williams and Steve Martin in one US production (also Bert Lahr in the 1950s -- see above), have had the most success with the characters in popular esteem.

Beckett went on to resume his march towards the void in his new medium, and his later plays have had much less popular success, though they continue to be produced, and are generally accepted as important works.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Interpretations and commentaries

The intentionally uneventful and repetitive plot of Waiting for Godot can be seen as symbolizing the tedium and meaninglessness of human life, which loosely connects the play to one of the themes of existentialist philosophy. The audience never learns who Godot is or the nature of his business with Vladimir and Estragon. As a proper noun, the name "Godot" may derive from any number of French verbs, and Beckett stated it might be a derivative of godillot, which is French slang for "boot". The title, in this interpretation, could be seen as suggesting that the characters are "waiting for the boot".^{[citation needed]}

Another interpretation is that Godot is simply God. The characters wait for god, receiving messages from a middle man (The church or bible), and God never comes.

Left to speak for itself, without Beckett's interpretation, Waiting for Godot initially confused interpreters and critics. A play that spoke without interpretation, it confounded at first many assumed rules by which actors looked for motivation and critics looked for storyline.^[4] Depending upon director, some performances played it for comedy and slapstick, others for pathos and drama.

Some 50 years after its writing, it is now more clear that Waiting for Godot holds some form of mirror up to individuals who see it.^{[citation needed]} Directors often favor a "less is more" philosophy, a bleak stage with a tree, a rock, and perhaps three or five leaves only, to draw out the precision of the powerful juxtaposing of inadvertent humor and emotional pathos expressed through the lives of the characters.

Beckett uses the characters' interaction to bring home the existentialist view of the tedium and meaninglessness of modern life. Some of the business involving hats was adopted from a routine done by the Marx Brothers, and the character schema - four characters, one of whom is mute (except when ordered to think), and one of whom bears an Italian name - may have been derived from the same source (the characters' names also arguably reflect Beckett's experience in the Second World War: "Vladimir" is Slavic, whilst "Estragon" is the French for tarragon; Pozzo has an Italian sounding name and Lucky is an English nickname. This possibly refers to veterans from each world power after the war). Critic Kenneth Burke argued that the interaction of Vladimir and Estragon is based on that of Laurel and Hardy. Near the end of the play, to give one example of the play's sillier moments, Estragon removes the cord holding his trousers up so he can hang himself with it, and his trousers fall down. In the original French production Beckett was adamant that the actor playing Estragon, who was reluctant to perform so foolish a piece of business, follow the directions to the letter.^[5]

Initially, reviews were mixed, with critics very unsure how to respond to the rule-breaking play. Critic Vivian Mercier initially summed up the two-act play with the words "nothing happens, twice." Another critic, Jean Anouilh, referring to the work's drawn-out scenes and scarcity of characters, summed up his review with a line from the play: "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it's awful!" And yet, despite its essential bleakness, it has many moments of comedy, some of it even recalling the deadpan slapstick of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton.

Many readers of this play have understood the character "Godot" as a symbolic representation of God. They see Godot's persistent failure to appear and Vladimir and Estragon's aimless waiting as representations of the masses hoping for a being who will never appear. Beckett himself vehemently denied this interpretation, saying "If by Godot I had meant God I would have said God, and not Godot."^[6] Other interpretations hold Pozzo as the all encompassing "exploiter" or dictator, because of his tyrannical abuse of his servant and slave, Lucky, who won't even think without being told to (and when Lucky does, Lucky refuses to listen to Pozzo's orders for a time afterwards). His using of Vladimir and Estragon's search for Godot to make them stay and talk with him is compared with opportunistic leaders use of their citizens' devotion to God to further their own means.

This was Beckett's third attempt at drama after an abortive attempt at a play about Samuel Johnson, and the considerably more conventional Eleutheria (which Beckett suppressed after writing Godot). Godot was the first to be performed. It was a big step back towards normal human experience after his novel The Unnamable. Subtitled "a tragicomedy," the script has little indication of setting or costume (but for Beckett's specific footnote that all four of the major characters wear bowler hats); the only indication for decor is the typically succinct "A country road. A tree. Evening" prior to Act I. As such, Godot is capable of sustaining a wide range of interpretation, including who, or what, Godot is. There are even suggestions that Vladimir and Estragon are lovers, epitomized by Estragon's invocation of their honeymoon in his "Maps of the Holy Land" monologue.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] The end of philosophy?

While there are many existential interpretations to be made of Waiting for Godot, perhaps the most influential perspective for scholars of Godot to consider is one that recognizes it as being suggestive of an end to philosophy. Theodor Adorno says Waiting for Godot like Endgame calls for a "disintegration" of the valuative constructs of philosophy. ^[7] This view perceives Waiting for Godot as a play that attempts an effacing of metaphysics by attempting to focus its audience on the present, without looking to the past or future to give superfluous meaning to the present. The argument that nothing happens in Waiting for Godot is fairly reductive, considering it is a view based on a lacking climax. A good deal happens in Waiting for Godot. That the experiences appear as mundane and meaningless as the everyday activities of life is meant to present and emphasize a perspective that suggests that there is no historical or future meaning that can validate any action done in the present. Any meaning added to the present actions performed are based on constructed or lingual/logic based beliefs (or myths) about the past and present are thereby considered as unreal. In this reading, Waiting for Godot is not a play about nothingness or nothing happening, per se, but rather is about the idea that true meaning exists in the present moment of the act. It suggests a kind of existential equilibrium, a philosophical zero point that is neither optimistic or pessimistic. In its place it suggests a stable, immutable moment of truth that is always already real, because it is in a state of existing in the present. Thus, 'Waiting for Godot' appears to be about nothing because it does not valuate time. Reading the play this way suggests that Beckett's intent was to proclaim the only truth as existing in the present moment, or that the moment that exists in the actual present must be perceived apart from the past or future. Thoughts about the past and future are thereby effaced because they are synthetic constucts of logical games humans play to give meaning to their lives. These synthetic constructs of logic are memory games and unsubstantiated expectations for the future (thus the act of waiting for Godot). Thus, Waiting for Godot does not look to history's long sought for meaning to life to provide meaning to the present, nor does it look to the future and expectations of it to give meaning (such as the arrival of Godot). Were the play about existential despair or meaninglessness, Beckett would have probably allowed Estragon and Vladimir to hang themselves. Instead, Godot never arrives because Beckett is attempting to emphasize the pointlessness or the meaninglessness of living for the future. The philosophy suggests that people should live in the now; and it recalls such aphorisms as "actions speak louder than words." Through this interpretation, Waiting for Godot is a positive and life affirming play.

[edit] Related works

The title character of Balzac's 1851 play Mercadet is waiting for financial salvation from his never seen business partner, Godeau. Although Beckett was familiar with Balzac's prose, he only learned of this play after finishing Waiting for Godot. Coincidentally, Balzac's play was closely adapted to film as The Lovable Cheat (with Buster Keaton, whom Beckett greatly admired) at about the same time Beckett was writing his own play.^{[citation needed]}

Clifford Odets' famous 1935 play Waiting for Lefty was about workers oppressed by capitalism, waiting for the salvation in the form of union organizer Lefty. But the play ends as the workers learn that Lefty will not come after all (having been murdered).

An unauthorized prequel, of sorts, formed part II of Ian McDonald's novel King of Morning, Queen of Day (partly written in Joycean style). Two main characters are clearly meant to be the original Vladimir and Estragon.

An unauthorized sequel was written by Miodrag Bulatović in 1966: Godo je došao (Godot has come). It was translated from the Serbo-Croatian into German (Godot ist gekommen) and French. Although Beckett was noted for disallowing productions that took even slight liberties with his plays, he let this pass without incident.

Another unauthorized sequel was written by Daniel Curzon in the late 1990s: Godot Arrives.

A radical transformation was written by Bernard Pautrat, performed at Théâtre National de Strasbourg in 1979-1980: Ils allaient obscurs sous la nuit solitaire (d'après En attendant Godot de Samuel Beckett). The dialog consisted of excerpts from Godot, rearranged among ten actors (Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, Lucky and six others).

"Samuel Beckett, Your Ride is Here" is a surreal adaptation of the story, transformed into an internet audio drama which was first broadcast in 2000. Staring John Turturro and Bill Irwin, this audio drama can be listened to at scifi.com's Seeing Ear Theatre, under the City of Dreams.

Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, written by Tom Stoppard and first staged in 1966, contains a set of characters whose dialogue and themes are strongly influenced by the characters in Godot. Many claim that R & G overturns the dreary philosophical conclusions presented in Godot, while other critics disagree, claiming that R & G actually reinforces and strengthens those themes. Either way, R & G arguably continues the dialogue about existentialism and absurdism (though the latter is disputed by Stoppard) that Beckett started with Godot.

Alexei Sayle's TV sketch show Alexei Sayle's Stuff included a skit in which Godot desperately tries to hitch-hike to his waiting friends, but fails to get a lift. Eventually he finds his way to Estragon and Vladimir, but two other Godots arrive at the same time. Estragon says "Typical - you wait ages for Godot and then three show up at once".

Waiting for Godot is an award-winning song by singer/songwriter Matt Harlan.^[8]website.

A character from Gyakuten Saiban 3 (the third game in the Ace Attorney series (also known as the Phoenix Wright series) of video games is named Godot.

In "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" Buffy says Faith makes Godot look punctual.

In House, M.D., Dr. Wilson refers to the play several times. The first time (“Poison”), he states that Godot would arrive faster than the CDC’s opinion on a case. Later on, in another episode, Wilson states that “Beckett almost called it Waiting for House's Approval, but he thought it was too grim.”

In the Home Improvement episode No, no, Godot Tim and Al are supposed to see Waiting for Godot with Tim's wife Jill and Al's girlfriend Ilene but run into trouble trying to unload hockey tickets they held for the same day.

The Pet Shop Boys mention Waiting for Godot in their song A red letter day.

In the Music Video for Constant Craving by k.d. lang the play is performed throughout song

[edit] References

[edit] External links

The Plays of Samuel Beckett

Stage Plays: Act Without Words I, Act Without Words II, Breath, Catastrophe, Come and Go, Eleutheria (posthumous), Endgame, Footfalls, Happy Days, Krapp's Last Tape, Not I, Ohio Impromptu, A Piece of Monologue, Play, Rockaby, Rough for Theatre I, Rough for Theatre II, That Time, Waiting for Godot, What Where Radio Plays: All That Fall, Cascando, Embers, The Old Tune, Rough for Radio I, Rough for Radio II, Words and Music Television Plays: ...but the clouds..., Eh Joe, Ghost Trio, Nacht und Träume, Quad Screenplays: Film