Vowel backness
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In phonetics, vowel backness is the position of the tongue relative to the back of the mouth in a vowel sound. Backness is usually modeled by subtracting the second formant frequency value (F2) of a vowel from the first formant frequency value (F1).
The International Phonetic Alphabet identifies five different degrees of vowel backness, although no known language distinguishes all five:
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